Job Hazard Analysis / PPE

1
Job Hazard Analysis / PPE

• Jeff Karcher
• Director of Safety and Loss Control University
  of Wisconsin - Stevens Point 101 George Stien
  Building Stevens Point, WI  54481 (715)
  346-3901(715) 346-3780 (fax) jkarcher_at_uwsp.edu
  http//www.uwsp.edu/safetyloss
• Job Hazard Analysis
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

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Occupational Safety Health Management

• One key element of OSH management is the
  anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and
  control of workplace hazards.
• Chemical
• Physical
• Biological
• Ergonomic
• Job Hazard Analysis or Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
  is one component of the overall safety and health
  management system.

3
What is a job hazard analysis?

• A job hazard analysis is a technique that focuses
  on job tasks as a way to identify hazards before
  they occur. It focuses on the relationship
  between the worker, the task, the tools, and the
  work environment. Ideally, after you identify
  uncontrolled hazards, you will take steps to
  eliminate or reduce them to an acceptable risk
  level.
• Look at one task at a time, rather than the whole
  job.
• Identifying and correcting undesirable events
  that could result in accidents/incidents.
• Basic approach, but effective.
• PROACTIVE PREVENTION TOOL.

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JHA/JSA

• Program in which job activities are observed
  divided into individuals steps discussed and
  analyzed and recorder with the intent to
  identify, eliminate, or control undesirable
  events (injury, illness, damage, etc).
• Employer/employee participation important.
• See JSA form from DOA in your handouts.

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Job Hazard Analysis
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Hazard Defined

• Hazard the workplace conditions or worker
  actions that can result in injuries, illnesses,
  or other losses.
• Hazards dealing with physical safety and injuries
  (i.e. crushing injury)
• Hazards dealing with health and illnesses.
• Some can be both physically hazardous and health
  hazardous (such as HAZMAT).
• A hazard is the potential for harm. In practical
  terms if left uncontrolled, can cause injury or
  illness.

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Very Basic JHA Example

• Example Job Hazard Analysis Form
• Job Location Metal Shop
• Analyst Supervisor
• Date June 1, 2006
• Name Joe Safety
• Task Description Worker reaches into metal box
  to the right of the machine, grasps a 15-pound
  casting and carries it to grinding wheel. Worker
  grinds 20 to 30 castings per hour.
• Hazard Description Picking up a casting, the
  employee could drop it onto his foot. The
  castings weight and height could seriously
  injure the workers foot or toes.
• Hazard Controls
• 1. Remove castings from the box and place them on
  a table next to the grinder.
• 2. Wear steel-toe shoes with metatarsal
  protection.
• 3. Change protective gloves that allow a better
  grip.
• 4. Use a device to pick up castings.

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Fatal occupational injuries by event or exposure,
2000-2005 per year average

• Transportation incidents...... 2,467
• Assaults and violent acts..... 878
• Contact with objects and equipment .. 952
• Falls.... 756
• Exposure to harmful substances or
  environments.... 494
• Fires and explosions... 177
• BLS Fatal occupational injuries by event or
  exposure, 2000-2005 http//www.bls.gov/news.releas
  e/cfoi.t01.htm

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Injuries Illnesses

• 2001 Over 131 billion was lost as a result of
  occupational injuries.
• 4.2 million nonfatal occupational injuries and
  illnesses in 2005
• 5,702 Fatal occupational injuries in 2005
• What about fatality from illnesses?
• Occupational Illness Fatalities. Difficult to
  estimate, but serious issue. 60,000 per year some
  estimate??

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10 leading causes of all death for the total
population in 2003 - U.S.
Rank Causes of death All persons
All causes 2,448,288
1. Diseases of heart 685,089
2. Cancer 556,902
3. Cerebro vascular diseases (Stroke) 157,689
4. Chronic lower respiratory diseases 126,382
5. Unintentional injuries 109,277
6. Diabetes mellitus 74,219
7. Influenza and pneumonia 65,163
8. Alzheimer's disease 63,457
9. Disease / Disorders of Kidneys 42,453
10. Septicemia (bacteria in blood) 34,069
http//www.cdc.gov/nchs/Default.htm CDC National
Center for Health Statistics
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Odds of Dying

• http//www.nsc.org/lrs/statinfo/odds.htm

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Some Benefits of JSA

• Control Hazards.
• Reducing accidents/incidents, injuries/illness,
  property damage.
• Reduce accident costs (WC, lost production, lost
  efficiency, etc.)
• Improve employee well-being and morale.
• Increase Production/Efficiency.
• Helps develop proper procedures and policies.
• Use information for Training Purposes.
• Improved relations with employees when they are
  involved in the JSA.
• Assist with compliance with OSHA regulations such
  as PPE, LOTO, CSE, HC, BBP, etc.
• Creates a formal process which will transfer to
  new employees and supervisors upon turnover.
• Etc.

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JHA - Prioritization

• JSA do take time and resources, therefore need to
  prioritize.
• Prioritizing examples
• Jobs with the highest injury or illness rates
• Jobs with the potential to cause sever or
  disabling injuries or illness
• By a specific machine or piece of equipment.
• By a specific type of job class or occupation
  (i.e. custodian)
• By jobs that are new to the organization.
• By Management decision.

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How do I get started on a JHA?

1. Involve your employees. It is very important to
   involve your employees in the hazard analysis
   process. They have a unique understanding of the
   job, and this knowledge is invaluable for finding
   hazards. Involving employees will help minimize
   oversights, ensure a quality analysis, and get
   workers to buy in to the solutions because they
   will share ownership in their safety and health
   program.
2. Review your accident history. Review with your
   employees your worksites history of accidents
   and occupational illnesses that needed treatment,
   losses that required repair or replacement, and
   any near misses events in which an accident or
   loss did not occur, but could have. These events
   are indicators that the existing hazard controls
   (if any) may not be adequate and deserve more
   scrutiny.

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How do I get started on a JHA? (continued)

• Conduct a preliminary job review. Discuss with
  your employees the hazards they know exist in
  their current work and surroundings. Brainstorm
  with them for ideas to eliminate or control those
  hazards.If any hazards exist that pose an
  immediate danger to an employees life or health,
  take immediate action to protect the worker. Any
  problems that can be corrected easily should be
  corrected as soon as possible. Do not wait to
  complete your job hazard analysis. This will
  demonstrate your commitment to safety and health
  and enable you to focus on the hazards and jobs
  that need more study because of their complexity.
  For those hazards determined to present
  unacceptable risks, evaluate types of hazard
  controls.

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How do I get started on a JHA? (continued)

• List, rank, and set priorities for hazardous
  jobs. List jobs with hazards that present
  unacceptable risks, based on those most likely to
  occur and with the most severe consequences.
  These jobs should be your first priority for
  analysis.
• Outline the steps or tasks. Nearly every job can
  be broken down into job tasks or steps. When
  beginning a job hazard analysis, watch the
  employee perform the job and list each step as
  the worker takes it. Be sure to record enough
  information to describe each job action without
  getting overly detailed. Avoid making the
  breakdown of steps so detailed that it becomes
  unnecessarily long or so broad that it does not
  include basic steps. You may find it valuable to
  get input from other workers who have performed
  the same job. Later, review the job steps with
  the employee to make sure you have not omitted
  something. Point out that you are evaluating the
  job itself, not the employees job performance.
  Include the employee in all phases of the
  analysisfrom reviewing the job steps and
  procedures to discussing uncontrolled hazards and
  recommended solutions.
• Sometimes, in conducting a job hazard analysis,
  it may be helpful to photograph or videotape the
  worker performing the job. Also, may want to
  perform JHA repetitively to ensure all key
  elements are observed.

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How do I get started on a JHA? (continued)

• After tasks are determined, observe, discuss,
  analyze, and record again focusing on those job
  related events which could have a negative
  impact. Where we identify hazards or potential
  accidents.
• Once potential undesirable events are recognized,
  the process is repeated for a third time and
  corrective actions are identified. AKA develop
  SOLUTIONS.
• Record all pertinent information on form (see DOA
  form or develop one)

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Identifying Workplace Hazards

• A job hazard analysis is an exercise in detective
  work. Your goal is to discover the following
• What can go wrong?
• What are the consequences?
• How could it arise?
• What are other contributing factors?
• How likely is it that the hazard will occur?
• To make your job hazard analysis useful, document
  the answers to these questions in a consistent
  manner. Good hazard scenarios describe
• Where it is happening (environment),
• Who or what it is happening to (exposure),
• What precipitates the hazard (trigger),
• The outcome that would occur should it happen
  (consequence), and
• Any other contributing factors.

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Hazard ID

• Rarely is a hazard a simple case of one singular
  cause resulting in one singular effect. More
  frequently, many contributing factors tend to
  line up in a certain way to create the hazard.
  Here is an example of a hazard scenario
• In the metal shop (environment), while clearing a
  snag (trigger), a workers hand (exposure) comes
  into contact with a rotating pulley. It pulls her
  hand into the machine and severs his fingers
  (consequences) quickly.

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Questions to Ask in a JHA who, what where, when
, why, how

• To perform a job hazard analysis, ask
• What can go wrong? The workers hand could come
  into contact with a rotating object that
  catches it and pulls it into the machine.
• What are the consequences? The worker could
  receive a severe injury and lose fingers and
  hands.
• How could it happen? The accident could happen as
  a result of the worker trying to clear a snag
  during operations or as part of a maintenance
  activity while the pulley is operating.
  Obviously, this hazard scenario could not occur
  if the pulley is not rotating.
• What are other contributing factors? This hazard
  occurs very quickly. It does not give the worker
  much opportunity to recover or prevent it once
  his hand comes into contact with the pulley. This
  is an important factor, because it helps you
  determine the severity and likelihood of an
  accident when selecting appropriate hazard
  controls. Unfortunately, experience has shown
  that training is not very effective in hazard
  control when triggering events happen quickly
  because humans can react only so quickly.
• How likely is it that the hazard will occur? This
  determination requires some judgment. If there
  have been near-misses or actual cases, then the
  likelihood of a recurrence would be considered
  high. If the pulley is exposed and easily
  accessible, that also is a consideration. In the
  example, the likelihood that the hazard will
  occur is high because there is no guard
  preventing contact, and the operation is
  performed while the machine is running.

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JHA

• To perform JHA, apply accident causation skills
  in a proactive manner. JHA Similar to Accident
  Investigation, but do BEFORE THE FACT as a
  preventative measure.
• What are the actions, occurrences or events may
  result in accident, injury, illness, or exposure?
  
• Look for potential of any of these when
  conducting the JHA.
• Must also examine both the probability of an
  event occurring and the potential severity of the
  end result.
• Be familiar with the various types of hazards,
  accidents, injuries and illness types.
• See following slides

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Biological
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Common Hazards to Look For in JHAs (continued)
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Common Hazards to Look For in JHAs (continued)
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Common Hazards to Look For in JSAs
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Common Hazards to Look For in JSAs
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Categories of Accident Events

• Animal(s) The event causing the injury is
  primarily due to the action or movement of
  animal(s).
• Machinery injured by the action or motion of a
  machine (e.g. table saw, drill press, milling
  machine).
• Motorized Equipment injured by the action or
  motion of a piece of motorized equipment (e.g.
  forklift, "Cushman," tractor, hay baler,
  bulldozer, back-hoe).
• Object An encounter with a physical structure,
  object, or projectile
• Person(s) An encounter with a person(s)
• Vehicle/Other miscellaneous modes of
  transportation An event where a person is
  injured during a vehicle accident,
• Sharps Injury exposure to a substance by
  injection with a contaminated object that
  penetrates the skin, mucous membrane, etc.
• Hazardous Substance Person is exposed to a
  possibly harmful substance,
• Exposure to Physical Hazards Exposure to a
  physical hazard, or a hazard inherent in the
  working environment. (Heat, Cold, Noise,
  Electrical, Radiation, etc)
• Plants or Animals Body's physiological reaction
  to a plant or animal.
• Fire or Explosive
• Lifting, Moving or Restraining Load
• Motion of Individual - I.E. Running, Jumping or
  Walking, Climbing, Stepping Up or Down, Bending
  or Reaching.

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Categories of Accidents

• Repetitive Motion I.E. Computer Keyboard Tasks
  or duties involving extended use of a computer
  keyboard (e.g. data entry, word processing)
  Materials Sorting or Handling Tasks involving
  repeated handling of similar materials using the
  same or similar motion (e.g. mail sorting)- Food
  Prep, Handling and Clean-up Tasks typical of food
  service organizations (e.g. scooping potatoes,
  cutting vegetables, dish washing) using the same
  or similar motion for extended periods1.- Work
  With Tools or Equipment Tasks requiring extended
  use of the same tool or piece of equipment using
  the same or similar motion (e.g. jack hammering,
  using a screwdriver, turning a wrench). Musical
  Instrument Work involves extended use of a
  musical instrument such as a piano, violin, or
  guitar requiring the same or similar motionETC.
  ETC.

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Categories of Accidents

• Slip, Trip or Fall
• Slip/Trip/Stumble No Fall
• Fall - Different Level
• TOOL RELATED
• Psychological Mental Stress
• UNSAFE ACT
• HORSEPLAY
• OTHER / Unidentifiable occurrence

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Injury Categories The primary diagnosis that was
a result of the injury

• Abrasion Scraping injury to skin
• Amputation Cutting off limb/appendage surgical
• Severance Traumatic amputation
• Angina chest, aching or crushing sensation
• Asphyxiation Respiratory interference or
  suffocation
• Avulsion Forcible pull away of part of body
• Blister
• Burn chemical- radiation, other- thermal
• Coma
• Concussion
• Contusion/Bruise Injury produced by impact
  without skin breakage, causing blood vessels to
  rupture,
• Crushed Crushing of body part
• Cut/laceration Slice or jagged tear  
• De-gloving Rolling of skin/flesh off of hand 
• Disc injury injury to a disc of the vertebra 
• Disfigurement  
• Dislocation/Derangement Movement out of joint or
  position 
• Electric Shock Sudden debilitating disturbance
  of bodily function induced by electric shock
• Fatality Cease of all bodily functions death

• Food Poisoning
• Fracture Break or rupture, especially in a bone
• Frostbite
• Gunshot Wound
• Hernia
• Physical Stress/Exhaustion, including heat/cold
  stress Physical stress/exhaustion, including
  stress caused by heat or cold
• Inflammation
• Heart Attack (Myocardial Infarction)
• Pain Syndrome
• Post Traumatic
• Spinal Cord Injury Any injury
• Puncture A hole/wound made by a sharp, pointed
  device
• Rupture Tearing - apart, as of an organ.
• Sliver - Thin, sharp object piercing and often
  under the skin.
• Sprain/Strain - The wrenching of a joint without
  producing dislocation over extension/over
  stretching of musculature
• Tear - Tear of musculature
• Traumatic Sensory Loss - Loss of hearing, sight,
  feeling, smell, or taste due to traumatic
  incident.

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Occupational Disease/Illness

• Occupational Disease/Illness A condition caused
  by an appreciable period of work place exposure,
  that is either the sole cause of the condition,
  or al least a material contributing causative
  factor in the condition's onset or progression.
• Examples
• Allergic Reaction
• Bloodborne Diseases
• Hepatitis A
• Cancer
• Degenerative Disc Disease
• Infectious Parasitic Diseases
• Mental Disorders - Mental Stress
• Post Traumatic Stress
• Sensory Loss
• Systemic Organic
• Radiation Syndrome

• Cumulative Trauma Disorders
• Nerve Compression Syndromes - Includes carpel
  tunnel syndrome and other nerve entrapment Tendon
  disorders
• Vascular disorders - white finger,
• Occupational Airway Diseases - Includes
  asbestosis, black lung, bronchitis, dust disease,
  and other bacterial or viral airway diseases.
• Occupational Asthma - Asthma caused by a specific
  allergen encountered in the workplace.
• Pulmonary Tuberculosis - Tuberculosis of the
  lungs.
• Other Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease -
  Other diseases of the lungs.
• Allergic/irritant dermatitis - Skin irritations
  or allergies.
• Stress-Induced Myocardial Infarction - Chronic,
  cumulative stress-induced heart failure.
• Reproductive Disorders

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Part of body that are injured.

• HEAD Skull/scalp/head Brain Ear Eye Nose Teeth
  Mouth Jaw/facial bones
• NECK Cervical Soft Tissue Trachea/Throat/Larynx
• UPPER EXTREMITIES Shoulder Upper Arm Elbow Lower
  Arm Wrist Hand Finger(s) Thumb
• TRUNK Upper Back/Thoracic Low Back/Lumbar/Lumbo-Sa
  cral/Sacrum/CoccyxChest/Ribs, Sternum, Soft
  Tissue Pelvis Abdomen Internal Organs
• LOWER EXTREMITIES Buttocks Groin Hip Thigh Knee
  Lower Leg Ankle Foot Toe(s) (other than Great)
  Great Toe
• BODY SYSTEMS Cardiovascular (includes the Heart)
  Respiratory Gastrointestinal SkinPsycho/Mental/Str
  essImmuneHematologicalReproductiveNervousEndocrine
  Other/Undeterminable

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Note on Machinery Danger Areas

• Typically, the following 2 areas on machinery are
  dangerous, and can be a risk to anyone near the
  machine

• 1. Parts which move or transmit power
• 2. Parts that do the work
• shear points
• drawing-in points
• impact and crushing areas
• entanglement areas
• stabbing points
• cutting areas
• abrasion areas
• flying particles
• protrusions

MAJOR WORKPLACE HAZARDS
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Accident Causation

• When performing JHA, also need understanding of
  inherent problems contributing to accidents.
• Design Problems
• Equipment Design
• Job design/job layout problems.
• Human Error / Awareness / Lack of Experience
• Equipment failure
• Management Issues (i.e. lack of training,
  supervision)
• Intentional (i.e. crime, etc.)
• Physical Characteristics of the Hazards or the
  work environment.

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JHA

• Conducting JHA opportunity to look for OSHA/Dept
  of Commerce compliance issues.
• Are we in compliance of standards?
• Are machines guarded properly?
• Good Opportunity to apply ergonomic principles
  when conducting JHA. designing the job to fit
  the worker, instead of forcing the worker to fit
  to the job.
• Are the correct/required safety programs in
  place?

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Determining Control Measures

• The final stage in a JHA is to determine ways to
  eliminate or control the hazards identified. The
  generally accepted measures, in order of
  preference, are
• 1. Eliminate the hazard This is the most
  effective measure. These techniques should be
  used to eliminate the hazards
• Choose a different process
• Modify an existing process
• Substitute with less hazardous substance
• Improve environment (ventilation)
• Modify or change equipment or tools
• 2. Contain the hazard
• If the hazard cannot be eliminated, contact might
  be prevented by using enclosures, machine guards,
  worker booths or similar devices.
• 3. Revise work procedures
• Consideration might be given to modifying steps
  which are hazardous, changing the sequence of
  steps, or adding additional steps (such as
  locking out energy sources).
• 4. Reduce the exposure
• Usually the least effective and should only be
  used if no other solutions are possible. I.E.
  reduce the number of times the hazard is
  encountered. An example would be modifying
  machinery so that less maintenance is necessary.
  The use of appropriate personal protective
  equipment may be required.
• Be specific when writing control measures Be
  careful not enough!

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Hazard Control Measures

• Once hazards are identified, we must eliminate or
  control.
• Controls processes, procedures, or method
  changes that correct existing health and safety
  problems and prevent or minimize the risk of
  health and safety hazards in the workplace.
• In order of precedence and effectiveness of
  hazard control are
• Engineering Controls
• Administrative Controls
• Personal Protective Equipment
• Often all used together in certain combinations.

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Engineering Controls

• Elimination/minimization of the hazardDesigning
  the facility, equipment, or process to remove the
  hazard, or substituting processes, equipment,
  materials, or other factors to lessen the hazard
  Examples
• Enclosure of the hazard using enclosed cabs,
  enclosures for noisy equipment, or other means
• Isolation of the hazard with interlocks, machine
  guards, blast shields, welding curtains, or other
  means and
• Removal or redirection of the hazard such as with
  local and exhaust ventilation.
• Use of ventilation to remove containments in
  breathing zone
• Ergonomic improvements.
• Use of robotics in hazardous situations.

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Administrative Controls

• Administrative Control Examples
• Written operating procedures, work permits, and
  safe work practices
• Exposure time limitations (used most commonly to
  control temperature extremes, chemical exposures,
  noise exposure, and ergonomic hazards) Job
  Rotation i.e. work only four hours in hazard
  zone instead of eight. Reduces dose.
• Monitoring the use of highly hazardous materials
• Alarms, signs, and warnings
• Training.

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PPE

• Personal Protective Equipmentsuch as
  respirators, hearing protection, protective
  clothing, safety glasses, and hardhatsis
  acceptable as a control method in the following
  circumstances
• When engineering controls are not feasible or do
  not totally eliminate the hazard
• While engineering controls are being developed
• When safe work practices do not provide
  sufficient additional protection and
• During emergencies when engineering controls may
  not be feasible.

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Periodic Review of JHAs

• Periodically reviewing your job hazard analysis
  ensures that it remains current and continues to
  help reduce workplace accidents and injuries.
  Even if the job has not changed, it is possible
  that during the review process you will identify
  hazards that were not identified in the initial
  analysis.
• It is particularly important to review your job
  hazard analysis if an illness or injury occurs on
  a specific job. Based on the circumstances, you
  may determine that you need to change the job
  procedure to prevent similar incidents in the
  future. If an employees failure to follow proper
  job procedures results in a close call, discuss
  the situation with all employees who perform the
  job and remind them of proper procedures. Any
  time you revise a job hazard analysis, it is
  important to train all employees affected by the
  changes in the new job methods, procedures, or
  protective measures adopted.

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Risk and JHA

• Must take risk management into account when
  looking at JSA and accident investigations. There
  is some level of risk in all that we do.
• Risk Probability x Severity.
• Probabilities frequent, probable, occasional,
  remote, and improbable.
• Severity Catastrophic, Critical, Marginal, Low.
  
• Compare the two to determine risk level.

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JHA Practice

• Review the JHA in DOA handout.
• Class discussion. Review some of the following
  pictures examples and perform JHA group
  discussion.
• OSHA link here with press operation -
  http//www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/machineguarding/ge
  neralrequirements.html
• Changing tire one from Nelson
• Each table then do JHA on Custodial position.
• Job description for custodian (assigned tasks).
• Use sample JHA form and complete.

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Key Job Steps JUST RIGHTChanging a Flat Tire

• Park car, set brake
• remove jack tire from trunk
• loosen log nuts
• jack up car
• remove tire
• set new tire
• jack down car

• tighten lug nuts
• store tire jack

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Changing Tire - Hazards

• Parking Car
• Struck by Traffic
• Removing tire jack
• Back Strain
• bang head on trunk
• Loosen lug nuts
• back/arm strain
• slip fall

• Jacking up car
• car could fall off jack
• Setting new tire
• fingers pinched
• back strain
• Tighten nuts
• back strain
• slip fall

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spot the hazards
MAJOR WORKPLACE HAZARDS
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Chipper
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Baler See DOA Handout
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Pour waste corrosive material into larger
container.
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Hazard?
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JHA Resources

• DOA How to Conduct a Job Safety Analysis
• www.osha.gov Much Info throughout.
• http//www.osha.gov/SLTC/safetyhealth/s-hprograms.
  ppt
• OSHA JHA booklet at http//www.osha.gov/Publicati
  ons/osha3071.pdf
• OSHA Ergonomic Assessment Tools
  http//www.osha.gov/SLTC/ergonomics/analysis_tools
  .html
• OSHA etools
• Example OSHA etool examples of machinery
  hazardous movements

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PPE
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Personal Protective Equipment

• PPE Devices worn by the worker to protect
  against hazards in the environment. Respirators,
  gloves, hearing protection, chemical suits, fall
  protection, etc.
• Barrier to hazard.

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PPE OSHA Regs.

• OSHA Standard 1910.132 General Requirements
• 1910.133 - Eye and face protection. 
• 1910.134 - Respiratory Protection.
• 1910.135 - Head protection. 
• 1910.136 - Occupational foot protection. 
• 1910.137 - Electrical protective devices. 
• 1910.138 - Hand Protection.
• 1910 Subpart I App A - References for further
  information (Non-mandatory) 
• 1910 Subpart I App B - Non-mandatory Compliance
  Guidelines for Hazard Assessment and Personal
  Protective Equipment Selection.
• Many standards address individually the
  requirement of PPE (BBP, Noise, Respiratory, Eye
  Face, Head, Permit CSE, Asbestos, Welding, 1910
  Subpart Z, Toxic and hazardous substances (such
  as asbestos), Fall Protection, etc.
• WI - Department of Commerce, Chapter 32 - minimum
  occupational safety and health standards for
  public employees (WI). 32.15 - public employer
  shall comply with (OSHA) requirements.

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PPE does not eliminate the hazard!

• PPE not a substitute for
• Engineering Controls
• Administrative Controls /Procedural Controls
• "1910 Subpart I App B - Non-mandatory Compliance
  Guidelines for Hazard Assessment and Personal
  Protective Equipment Selection" appendix covers
  this issue in broad terms. This states
• "1. Controlling hazards. PPE devices alone should
  not be relied on to provide protection against
  hazards, but should be used in conjunction with
  guards, engineering controls, and sound
  manufacturing practices.
• Some standards do have mandatory implementation
  of FEASIBLE engineering/administrative controls
  prior to PPE, (such as Respiratory 1910.134,
  Noise 1910.95, Bloodborne Pathogens 1910.1030,
  Fall Protection) Others?

60
PPE Examples

• Head protection
• Eye protection
• Face protection
• Hearing protection
• Protective clothing
• Foot protection
• Hand protection
• Vests
• Fall Protection
• Electrical Protection
• Etc.

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PPE Statistics

• Estimated 2500 eye injuries occur each day in the
  workplace.
• 30 of all disabling injuries involve hand,
  finger, eye, head, face, foot and toes.

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PPE Summary of Legal Requirements

• Requirements of the Standard
• The COMM/OSHA Personal Protective Equipment
  Standard requires that each employer must perform
  a hazard assessment of the workplace to determine
  if hazards are present, or are likely to be
  present, which require the use of personal
  protective equipment (PPE).
• PPE standard key requirements
• Conduct and document hazard assessments.
• Select, provide and require the use of
  appropriate PPE for each affected employee.
  Ensure PPE is of proper design.
• Communicate PPE selection decisions to each
  affected employee.
• Select and provide PPE that properly fits each
  affected employee.
• Ensure PPE is worn properly, maintained, changed
  out.
• Conduct and document appropriate employee
  training.

63
PPE

• 1910.132(a) Protective equipment, including
  personal protective equipment for eyes, face,
  head, and extremities, protective clothing,
  respiratory devices, and protective shields and
  barriers, shall be provided, used, and maintained
  in a sanitary and reliable condition wherever it
  is necessary by reason of hazards of processes or
  environment, chemical hazards, radiological
  hazards, or mechanical irritants encountered in a
  manner capable of causing injury or impairment in
  the function of any part of the body through
  absorption, inhalation or physical contact.

64
1910.132 General Requirements

• 1910.132(b) - Employee-Owned Equipment
• ...the employer shall be responsible to assure
  its adequacy, including proper maintenance, and
  sanitation.

65
PPE Design / Inspection

• 1910.132(c) Design. All personal protective
  equipment shall be of safe design and
  construction for the work to be performed.
• ANSI American National Standards Institute
• ASTM American Society for Testing Materials
• Check individual standards for design
  requirements.

66
PPE Performance Requirement Examples

• Hardhats - Protective helmets purchased after
  July 5, 1994 shall comply with ANSI Z89.1-1986,
  "American National Standard for Personnel
  Protection-Protective Headwear for Industrial
  Workers-Requirements,"
• Protective footwear purchased after July 5, 1994
  shall comply with ANSI Z41-1991, "American
  National Standard for Personal Protection-Protecti
  ve Footwear," which is incorporated by reference
  as specified in Sec. 1910.6, or shall be
  demonstrated by the employer to be equally
  effective.
• Protective eye and face devices purchased after
  July 5, 1994 shall comply with ANSI Z87.1-1989,
  "American National Standard Practice for
  Occupational and Educational Eye and Face
  Protection," which is incorporated by reference
  as specified in Sec. 1910.6.
• Selection. Employers shall base the selection of
  the appropriate hand protection on an evaluation
  of the performance characteristics of the hand
  protection relative to the task(s) to be
  performed, conditions present, duration of use,
  and the hazards and potential hazards identified.

67
PPE - Hazard assessment and equipment selection.

• OSHA Standard 1910.132(d) requires the employer
  to assess the workplace to determine if hazards
  are present, or are likely to be present, which
  necessitate the use of personal protective
  equipment (PPE). If such hazards are present, or
  likely to be present, the employer shall
• Select, and have each affected employee use, the
  types of PPE that will protect the affected
  employee from the hazards identified in the
  hazard assessment
• Communicate selection decisions to each affected
  employee and,
• Select PPE that properly fits each affected
  employee. Note Non-mandatory Appendix B contains
  an example of procedures that would comply with
  the requirement for a hazard assessment.
• The employer shall verify that the required
  workplace hazard assessment has been performed
  through a written certification that identifies
  the workplace evaluated the person certifying
  that the evaluation has been performed the
  date(s) of the hazard assessment and, which
  identifies the document as a certification of
  hazard assessment.

68
PPE

• Hazard assessment 1910.132(d) need to determine
  which body parts are most at risk
• Determine work areas/jobs that may require PPE
• Determine if hazards are or likely to be present
• Select PPE based on hazard assessment
• Employers need to certify in writing that a
  workplace hazard assessment has been performed
• What are the routes of entry or exposed areas?
• What are the effects acute/chronic.
  Systemic/Local?
• The most common areas of PPE application include
  eyes, ears, torso, arms, hands and foot/leg,
  face, respiratory system.

69
DOA Assistance on PPE Compliance

• See DOAs website
• http//www.doa.state.wi.us/pagesubtext_detail.asp?
  linksubcatid169linkcatid127linkid
• Personal Protective Equipment Compliance and
  Hazard Assessment
• Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Compliance
• PPE Hazard Assessment
• PPE Hazard Assessment Survey and Analysis
• PPE Inspection
• PPE - Eye and Face Protection Chart
• PPE - Eye and Face Protection Selection Chart
• PPE - Head Protection Chart
• PPE - Hazard Assessment Certification Form
• PPE - Training and Hazard Assessment
  Certification Forms

70
PPE Hazard Assessment

• Key issues for conducting a hazard assessment and
  PPE compliance (see Personal Protective Equipment
  Compliance and Hazard Assessment for details).
• Review Injury and Accident Data
• Include PPE assessment in JHA process.
• Employees and Supervisors Involvement in the
  Process
• Evaluate existing data
• Past Injury and Accident Data
• Job descriptions or job instructions
• Other
• Conduct a Walk-Through Survey of work area
• Organize and analyze the data
• PPE Determination What is needed?
• PPE Selection See below slides.
• Fitting the device.
• Training / Retraining.
• Reassessment of the Hazards
• Reassess the workplace as necessary
• New equipment and processes.
• Review accident records.
• Procedures in place for employees to follow. I.E.
  where do I obtain PPE, when can it be replaced,
  who do I go to w/concerns/questions, etc.?

71
Hazard Assessment

• There are various forms available to help with
  PPE compliance on DOA site and other sites (see
  resources).
• Two handouts will review now
• DOAs Personal Protective Equipment Compliance
  Checklist
• DOAs PPE Hazard Assessment Certification Form

72
Walk-Through Survey

• Observe the following
• Machinery/Processes
• Sources of high temperature or heat
• Types of chemical exposures
• Sources of light radiation
• Sources of falling or dropping objects
• Sources of sharp objects
• Sources of rolling or pinching objects
• Layout of the workplace and location of workers
• Sources of electrical hazards
• Places where PPE is currently used Upgrades
  needed?

73
Basic Hazard Categories

• Impact
• Penetration
• Compression
• Chemical
• Heat
• Harmful dust
• Light radiation

• Respiratory System
• Extreme cold
• Noise
• Water
• Vibration
• Electrical hazards

74
PPE Hazard Assessments(continued)

• Who can conduct them?
• Safety managers/coordinators
• Supervisors/Managers from the affected work area
• Safety/Loss Control consultants
• Industrial Hygienist
• Other persons who use good judgment and have
  appropriate experience/training

75
PPE Hazard Assessments(Continued)

• Benefits
• Identify areas that have a significant number of
  illness and injuries
• Reduce injury and illness
• Reduce injury and illness costs
• Identify tools or equipment that should be
  repaired or replaced
• Identify outdated or inefficient work practices
• Compliance with legal requirements

76
PPE Hazard Assessments Written Certifications

• 1910.132(d)(2)- The employer shall verify that
  the required workplace hazards assessment has
  been performed through a written certification.
• Written certifications must include
• Identification of workplace and job or task
  evaluated
• Identification of the person certifying the
  evaluation has been performed
• Date(s) of hazard assessment
• Identification that the document is a
  certification of the hazard assessment
• Must have these in writing and on file.
  Inspectors will ask to see your written hazard
  assessments.
• See DOA site for various forms that can be used
  and adapted to meet this requirement.

77
1910.132(d) - Equipment Selection

• Select PPE that will protect employees from
  identified hazards
• Select PPE that properly fits each affected
  employee. Note Non-mandatory Appendix B contains
  an example of procedures that would comply with
  the requirement for a hazard assessment.
• PPE needs to be specifically fitted to each ee
  for each exposure
• Require use of PPE by employees
• Communicate selection decisions
• Insure proper fit

78
Evaluation/Selection of PPE

• Evaluation of proper selection of PPE is
  critical.
• One resource for proper selection of Chemical
  Protective Equipment (NIOSH) includes
• Protective Clothing Topic Page Ear Protection
  Topic Page Emergency Response Resources Topic
  PageEye Safety Topic PageRespirators Topic Page
  
• CDC recommendations on gloves.
• NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
• OSHAs PPE page http//www.osha.gov/SLTC/personal
  protectiveequipment/index.html
• OSHAs e-tool Selecting PPE for the Workplace
  (eye face) http//www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/eyean
  dface/ppe/selection.html
• MSDS of product. Speak with Manufacturer if
  needed.
• Handbooks see examples.
• Sales personnel if knowledgeable.
• DOAs PPE Selections Charts at WI DOA
• Agency Safety Representative.

79
1910.138 Hand Protection

• Hand protection needed when the following hazards
  exist
• Skin absorption of harmful substances
• Severe cuts and lacerations
• Severe abrasions
• Punctures
• Thermal and chemical burns
• Harmful temperature extremes
• Selection must be based on
• The task being performed
• Conditions present
• Duration of use
• Hazards and potential hazards identified
• Refer to MSDS/Glove Charts on DOA site.

80
PPE

• Glove selection - consider the following
• Chemical vs. physical hazards
• Compatibility
• Glove tragedy
• Latex allergies
• Catalog reviews
• Make certain have the correct glove for chemical
  you are using/handling.
• See selection page for more info.

81
1910.133 Eye and Face Protection

• Eye and face protection needed when exposed to

• Flying particles
• Molten metal
• Liquid chemicals
• Acids or caustic liquids
• Chemical gases or vapors
• Potential injurious light radiation
• Side protection required - flying objects
• Prescription lenses
• Marked with manufacturers identification
• Injurious light radiation - filter lenses with
  appropriate shade number

82
An eye saved by Safety Glasses
While applying siding with an air powered staple
gun, a staple hit a metal plate behind the
siding, ricocheted back and one leg of the staple
penetrated the wearers safety glasses' lens
(UW-M)
83
Eye Protection

• Currently, OSHA requires (29 CFR 1910.133) that
  eye protectors comply with the 1989 version of
  the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
  Z87.1 Standard.
• Many options of eye protection. Work with sales
  people. Prescription eye protection has unique
  issues to address (wearing in a full piece
  respirator, etc.)
• Examples Standard safety glasses, chemical
  goggles, face shields, cutting/welding shaded
  protective eyewear, etc.

84
Hazard Assessment Eye-Face
Hazard Type Hazard Type Common related tasks
Impact Flying objects such as large chips, fragments, particles, sand, and dirt. Chipping, grinding, machining, masonry work, wood working, sawing, drilling, riveting, sanding, etc.
Heat Anything emitting extreme heat. Furnace operations, pouring, casting, hot dipping, welding, etc.
Chemicals Splash, fumes, vapors, and irritating mists. Acid and chemical handling, degreasing, plating, and working with blood.
Dust Harmful dust. Woodworking, buffing, and general dusty conditions.
Optical Radiation Radiant energy, glare, and intense light Welding, torch-cutting, -brazing, -soldering, and laser work.
85
Impact Hazards Safety Spectacles

• Safety spectacles are intended to shield the
  wearer's eyes from impact hazards such as flying
  fragments, objects, large chips, and particles.
• Workers are required to use eye safety
  spectacles with side shields when there is a
  hazard from flying objects.

86
Impact Hazards Safety Goggles

• Safety goggles are intended to shield the
  wearer's eyes from impact hazards such as flying
  fragments, objects, large chips, and particles.
• Goggles fit the face immediately surrounding
  the eyes and form a protective seal around the
  eyes. This prevents objects from entering under
  or around the goggles. 

87
Impact Hazards Face Shields

• Face shields are intended to protect the
  entire face, or portions thereof, from impact
  hazards such as flying fragments, objects, large
  chips, and particles.
• When worn alone, face shields do not protect
  employees from impact hazards. Use face shields
  in combination with safety spectacles or goggles
  for additional protection. 

88
Heat Hazards Face Shields

• Heat-reflective and wire-screen face shields
  are intended to shield the entire face from a
  range of heat hazards.
• Face shields are considered secondary
  protectors to be used in addition to primary
  protection such as safety spectacles or goggles.

89
Optical Radiation Welding

• Welding helmets are secondary protectors
  intended to shield the eyes and face from optical
  radiation, heat, and impact.
• Use welding helmets in addition to primary
  protection such as safety spectacles or goggles
  to provide adequate protection. 
• Filter Lenses for Protection Against Radiant
  Energy. Proper shade must be utilized for
  applicable welding operation. List in
  1910.133(a)(5). Example
• Gas metal arc welding and flux cored arc welding
• Arc Current less than 60, Minimum protective
  shade needed 7
• Work with experience welding supplier on PPE.

90
Optical Radiation Lasers

• Workers with exposure to laser beams must be
  furnished suitable laser safety goggles which
  will
• Protect for the specific wavelength of the laser
• Be of optical density adequate for the energy
  involved
• Selecting Laser Safety Glasses

91
1910.135 Head Protection

• 1910.135(a)
• Head protection needed when exposed to
• The employer shall ensure that each affected
  employee wears a protective helmet when working
  in areas where there is a potential for injury to
  the head from falling objects.
• The employer shall ensure that a protective
  helmet designed to reduce electrical shock hazard
  is worn by each such affected employee when near
  exposed electrical conductors which could contact
  the head.
• Helmets purchased after July 5, 1994 - ANSI Z89.1
  - 1986

92
1910.135 Head Protection(continued)
Full Brim / Front Brim
93
1910.136 Foot Protection

• Foot protection needed when exposed to
• Falling and rolling objects
• Objects piercing the sole
• Electrical hazards
• Foot protection purchased after July 5, 1994-ANSI
  Z41-1991

94
Respiratory Protection
95
Respiratory Protection

• Respirators designed to protect against
  overexposures to dusts, fogs, fumes, mists,
  gases, smokes, sprays or vapors.
• Also used for nuisance level exposures. For
  example, dust masks or filtering facepieces.
• The final respiratory protection standard covers
  an estimated 5 million respirator wearers working
  in an estimated 1.3 million workplaces in the
  covered sectors. OSHA estimates that compliance
  with this standard will avert hundreds of deaths
  and thousands of illnesses annually.

96
Respiratory Protection

• 1910.134(c)(1) In any workplace where respirators
  are necessary to protect the health of the
  employee or whenever respirators are required by
  the employer, the employer shall establish and
  implement a written respiratory protection
  program with worksite-specific procedures.
• Must use a NIOSH-certified respirator per OSHA.

97
Respiratory Protection

• The employer shall include in the program the
  following provisions of this section, as
  applicable
• Procedures for selecting respirators for use in
  the workplace
• Medical evaluations of employees required to use
  respirators
• Fit testing procedures for tight-fitting
  respirators
• Procedures for proper use of respirators in
  routine and reasonably foreseeable emergency
  situations
• Procedures and schedules for cleaning,
  disinfecting, storing, inspecting, repairing,
  discarding, and otherwise maintaining
  respirators
• Procedures to ensure adequate air quality,
  quantity, and flow of breathing air for
  atmosphere-supplying respirators
• Training of employees in the respiratory hazards
  to which they are potentially exposed during
  routine and emergency situations
• Training of employees in the proper use of
  respirators, including putting on and removing
  them, any limitations on their use, medical
  issues, and their maintenance, etc and
• Procedures for regularly evaluating the
  effectiveness of the program.

98
Voluntary Use of Respirators

• Where respirator use is not required
• 1910.134(c)(2)(i) An employer may provide
  respirators at the request of employees or permit
  employees to use their own respirators, if the
  employer determines that such respirator use will
  not in itself create a hazard. If the employer
  determines that any voluntary respirator use is
  permissible, the employer shall provide the
  respirator users with the information contained
  in Appendix D to this section ("Information for
  Employees Using Respirators When Not Required
  Under the Standard") and
• 1910.134(c)(2)(ii) In addition, the employer must
  establish and implement those elements of a
  written respiratory protection program necessary
  to ensure that any employee using a respirator
  voluntarily is medically able to use that
  respirator, and that the respirator is cleaned,
  stored, and maintained so that its use does not
  present a health hazard to the user. Exception
  Employers are not required to include in a
  written respiratory protection program those
  employees whose only use of respirators involves
  the voluntary use of filtering facepieces (dust
  masks).

99
N R P related to respirators

• N R P related to respirators.
• From http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2005-100/
  NIOSH info on resp.
• The selection of N-, R-, and P-series filters
  depends on the presence or absence of oil
  particles, as follows
• If no oil particles are present in the work
  environment, use a filter of any series (i.e.,
  N-, R-, or P-series).
• If oil particles (e.g., lubricants, cutting
  fluids, glycerine, etc.) are present, use an R-
  or P-series filter. Note N-series filters cannot
  be used if oil particles are present.
• If oil particles are present and the filter is
  to be used for more than one work shift, use only
  a P-series filter
• Note To help you remember the filter series, use
  the following guide  N for Not resistant to
  oil, R for Resistant to oil P for oil Proof

100
HEPA

• High efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter
  means a filter that is at least 99.97 efficient
  in removing particles of 0.3 micrometers in
  diameter. The equivalent NIOSH particulate
  filters are the N100, R100, and P100 filters.
• Particulate filters come in three levels of
  efficiency 95 percent, 99 percent, 100 percent.
  
• Respirator for Pandemic?

101
RESPIRATORS

• SELECTION OF PROPER RESPIRATOR
• http//www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/topics/respirators/
  
• See selection guidance
• 3M selection guidance http//solutions.3m.com/wp
  s/portal/3M/en_US/Occupational-Health/Environmenta
  l-Safety/Training-Tools/Respirator-Selection/
• Other Manufacturers will help select.
• Those administering respiratory program must have
  proper credentials.

102
Respiratory protection
103
Respirators

• There are two major categories of respirators
  1. Air Purifying Respirators These types of
  respirators include - Air Purifying Disposable
  Particulate Masks - Air Purifying Half Mask
  Respirators - Air Purifying Full Face Mask
  Respirators - Gas Masks and - Powered Air
  Purifying Respirators.
• 2. Supplied Air Respirators These types of
  respirators include - Airline Respirators -
  Emergency Escape Breathing Apparatus and -
  Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA).

104
Filtering Facepiece Particulate
105
Filtering Facepiece Particulate
106
Facepiece Respirators, Filters Cartridges
107
Powered Air Purifying Respirators (PAPR)
108
Supplied Air Respirators
109
Self Contained Breathing Apparatus
110
Noise

• Occupational Noise Exposure 1910.95 Required PPE
  elements
• Employers shall make hearing protectors available
  to all employees exposed to an 8-hour
  time-weighted average of 85 decibels or greater
  at no cost to the employees. Hearing protectors
  shall be replaced as necessary.
• Employers shall ensure that hearing protectors
  are worn
• By an employee who is required by paragraph
  (b)(1) of this section to wear personal
  protective equipment and
• By any employee who is exposed to an 8-hour
  time-weighted average of 85 decibels or greater,
  and who
• Has not yet had a baseline audiogram established
  pursuant to paragraph (g)(5)(ii) or
• Has experienced a standard threshold shift.
• Employees shall be given the opportunity to
  select their hearing protectors from a variety of
  suitable hearing protectors provided by the
  employer.
• The employer shall provide training in the use
  and care of all hearing protectors provided to
  employees.
• The employer shall ensure proper initial fitting
  and supervise the correct use of all hearing
  protectors.

111
Hearing protector attenuation

• Hearing protectors must attenuate employee
  exposure at least to an 8-hour time-weighted
  average of 90 decibels as required by paragraph
  (b) of this section.
• 1910.95(j)(3) For employees who have experienced
  a standard threshold shift, hearing protectors
  must attenuate employee exposure to an 8-hour
  time-weighted average of 85 decibels or below.
• 1910.95(j)(4) The adequacy of hearing protector
  attenuation shall be re-evaluated whenever
  employee noise exposures increase to the extent
  that the hearing protectors provided may no
  longer provide adequate attenuation. The employer
  shall provide more effective hearing protectors
  where necessary.
• The employer shall use one of the evaluation
  methods described in 1910.95 Appendix B "Methods
  for Estimating the Adequacy of Hearing Protection
  Attenuation."

112
Hearing protector attenuation

• When using a dosimeter that is not capable of
  C-weighted measurements, the following method may
  be used
• Convert the A-weighted dose to TWA (see appendix
  A).
• Subtract 7 dB from the manufacturers NRR.
• Subtract the remainder from the A-weighted TWA to
  obtain the estimated A-weighted TWA under the ear
  protector.
• Six attenuation methods describe in 1910.95 App.
  B. Make sure you use correct method for
  measurement device/process you are using.

113
Hearing protector attenuation

• Attenuation Example
• Since noise levels are typically reported on the
  A scale, a correction factor of 7 dB must be
  subtracted from the NRR (correct difference of C
  scale to A scale). This 7 dB correction is
  required because the A scale underestimates
  low-frequency noise and HPDs generally provide
  less protection at lower frequencies as well.
  This equation, then, estimates the noise
  exposure
• Noise level, dBA - NRR-7 Estimated
  exposure, dBA
• Example A-weighted dosimeter was used to
  calculate a TWA of 101 dBA. The manufacturer of
  the ear plugs had a NRR listed for the PPE as 24
  NRR.
• NRR 24 7 17
• 101 17 84 estimated A-weighted TWA under the
  ear protector (if worn correctly).

114
Welding 1910.252

• 1910.252(b)(3) Protective clothing - General
  requirements. Employees exposed to the hazards
  created by welding, cutting, or brazing
  operations shall be protected by personal
  protective equipment in accordance with the
  requirements of 1910.132. Appropriate protective
  clothing req