Academic Citation Style

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Academic Citation Style
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Learning Objectives

• You will be able to
• Determine what information needs to be cited
• Demonstrate ability of cite a source in one of
  the citations formats

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Using APA Format to Document Sources
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Why Cite Information?

• Three Important Reasons
• So the reader can locate and read the exact same
  sources
• To give credit to the original author
• To give you credibility as a writer and protect
  you from being accused of plagiarism

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Where Do I Find APA Format?

• Publication Manual of the American Psychological
  Association, 5th ed.
• Library Call Number REF BF76.7 P83 2001
• Websites
• http//www.apastyle.org/faqs.html
• http//www.csuchico.edu/lref/newciting.html
• AS Bookstore

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APA Style Two Parts

• Parenthetical Citations
• in the body of the paper
• Reference Page
• at the end of the paper

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When Should You Use Parenthetical
Citations?

• When quoting any words that are not your own
• Quoting means to repeat another source word for
  word, using quotation marks

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When Should You Not Use Parenthetical Citations?

• When summarizing facts and ideas from a source
• Summarizing means to take ideas from a large
  passage of another source and condense them,
  using your own words
• When paraphrasing a source
• Paraphrasing means to use the ideas from another
  source but change the phrasing into your own words

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When Do You Cite?
Dont fall into the trap of plagiarism! If the
idea or information you are using did not
originate in your own mind . . . CITE IT!
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Paraphrasing activity
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Example 1

• During the last 60 years the development of
  effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial
  infections has revolutionized medical treatment,
  and the morbidity and mortality from microbial
  disease has been dramatically reduced.
• Original During the last 60 years the
  development of effective and safe drugs to deal
  with bacterial infections has revolutionized
  medical treatment, and the morbidity and
  mortality from microbial disease has been
  dramatically reduced.

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Example 2

• During the last 60 years the development of
  effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial
  infections has revolutionized medical treatment,
  and the morbidity and mortality from microbial
  disease has been dramatically reduced. (Rang et
  al, 1999)
• Original During the last 60 years the
  development of effective and safe drugs to deal
  with bacterial infections has revolutionized
  medical treatment, and the morbidity and
  mortality from microbial disease has been
  dramatically reduced.

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Example 3

• During the last 60 years the development of
  effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial
  infections has revolutionized medical treatment,
  and the morbidity and mortality from microbial
  disease has been dramatically reduced. (Rang et
  al, 1999)
• Original During the last 60 years the
  development of effective and safe drugs to deal
  with bacterial infections has revolutionized
  medical treatment, and the morbidity and
  mortality from microbial disease has been
  dramatically reduced.

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Example 4

• In the 4th edition of their textbook Pharmacology
  (1999), Rang, Dale and Ritter state that During
  the last 60 years the development of effective
  and safe drugs to deal with bacterial infections
  has revolutionized medical treatment, and the
  morbidity and mortality from microbial disease
  has been dramatically reduced. Such a bold
  assertion understates the ongoing threat posed by
  microbial infection. It is estimated, for
  example, that worldwide there were over 8 million
  cases of tuberculosis in 1998 (WHO, 2000).
• Original During the last 60 years the
  development of effective and safe drugs to deal
  with bacterial infections has revolutionized
  medical treatment, and the morbidity and
  mortality from microbial disease has been
  dramatically reduced.

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Example 5

• The development of safe and effective drugs to
  deal with bacterial infection has dramatically
  reduced the death rate arising from microbial
  diseases.
• Original During the last 60 years the
  development of effective and safe drugs to deal
  with bacterial infections has revolutionized
  medical treatment, and the morbidity and
  mortality from microbial disease has been
  dramatically reduced.

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Example 6

• During the post-war years, the development of
  effective and safe drugs to deal with bacterial
  infection has transformed medical treatment, and
  death and illness resulting from microbial
  disease has been dramatically reduced.
• Original During the last 60 years the
  development of effective and safe drugs to deal
  with bacterial infections has revolutionized
  medical treatment, and the morbidity and
  mortality from microbial disease has been
  dramatically reduced.

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Example 7

• The availability of antimicrobial compounds has
  transformed healthcare in the period since the
  second world war. People are far less likely to
  die or even be seriously ill than they had been
  prior to the introduction of these drugs.
• Original During the last 60 years the
  development of effective and safe drugs to deal
  with bacterial infections has revolutionized
  medical treatment, and the morbidity and
  mortality from microbial disease has been
  dramatically reduced.

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Paraphrasing

• To paraphrase is to put ideas expressed by
  someone else into your own words.
• Should not simply replace words with synonyms
• Should not follow the same sentence structure of
  the original
• Must be cited or accompanied by an in text
  reference to the original source even if the
  source is in your bibliography

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Keys to Parenthetical Citations

• Readability!
• Keep references brief
• Give only information needed to identify the
  source on your reference page--cross-referencing!
• Do not repeat unnecessary information

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Handling Quotes in Your Text

• Authors last name, publication year, and page
  number(s) of quote must appear in the text
• Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic response
  frequently entails a delayed, uncontrolled
  repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other
  intrusive phenomena (p.11).
• A traumatic response frequently entails a
  delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of
  hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena
  (Caruth, 1996, p.11).

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Handling Parenthetical Citations

• Sometimes more information is necessary
• Example more than one author with the same last
  name
• (H. James, 1878) (W. James, 1880)
• Example Two or more works in the same
  parentheses
• (Fussell, 1975 Caruth, 1996 Showalter, 1997)
• Example Work with six or more authors
• (Smith et al, 1998)
• Example Specific part of a source
• (Jones, 1995, chap. 2)

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Handling Parenthetical Citations

• A reference to a personal communication
• Source email message from C. Everett Koop
• Citation (C. E. Koop, personal communication,
  May 16, 1998)
• A general reference to a web site
• Source Purdue University web site
• Citation (http//www.purdue.edu)

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Handling Parenthetical Citations
Recently, the history of warfare has been
significantly revised by Higonnet et al (1987),
Marcus (1989), and Raitt and Tate (1997) to
include womens personal and cultural responses
to battle and its resultant traumatic effects.
Feminist researchers now concur that It is no
longer true to claim that women's responses to
the war have been ignored (Raitt Tate, p. 2).
Though these studies focus solely on women's
experiences, they err by collectively
perpetuating the masculine-centered impressions
originating in Fussell (1975) and Bergonzi
(1996). However, Tylee (1990) further
criticizes Fussell, arguing that his study
treated memory and culture as if they belonged
to a sphere beyond the existence of individuals
or the control of institutions (p. 6).
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Handling Quotes in Your Text
There are many different combinations and
variations within APA citation format. If you
run into something unusual, look it up!
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Example of a Reference Page
Shell Shock 36 References Fussell, P. (1975).
The Great War and modern memory. New York
Oxford University Press. Marcus, J. (1989). The
asylums of Antaeus Women, war, and madnessis
there a feminist fetishism? In H. A. Veeser
(Ed.), The New Historicism (pp. 132-151). New
York Routledge. Mott, F. W. (1916). The effects
of high explosives upon the central nervous
system. The Lancet, 1, 331-38. Showalter, E.
(1997). Hystories Hysterical epidemics
and modern media. New York Columbia University
Press.
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Reference Page

• A list of every source that you make reference
  to in your paper
• Provides the information necessary for a reader
  to locate and retrieve any sources cited in your
  essay
• Each retrievable source cited in the essay must
  appear on the reference page, and vice
  versa--cross-referencing!

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Reference Page Details

• Starts on a new page
• Type the word References centered at the top of
  the page
• Use hanging indent form.
• The first line of each reference is set flush
  left and subsequent lines are indented on half
  inch.
• Arrange alphabetically, not by format of
  publication (ex.. Book, journal, etc.)

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What to Include in a Reference Citation

• Most citations should contain the following basic
  information
• Authors name
• Title of work
• Publication information
• book date, place, publisher name, etc.
• article date, volume, page numbers, etc.

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References Some Examples

• Book
• Shay, J. (1994). Achilles in Vietnam Combat
  trauma and the undoing of character. New York
  Touchstone.
• Article in a Magazine
• Klein, J. (1998, October 5). Dizzy days. The
  New Yorker, 40-45.

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References Some Examples

• A newspaper article
• Tommasini, A. (1998, October 27).
• Master teachers whose artistry glows in
• private. New York Times, p. B2.
• A source with no known author
• Cigarette sales fall 30 as California tax
  rises.
• (1999, September 14). New York Times,
• p. A17.

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References Some Examples

• Web page citations need 2 additional pieces of
  information
• URL
• Accessed (retrieved) date
• Poland, D. (1998, October 26). The hot button.
  Roughcut. Turner Network Television. Retrieved
  October 28, 1998 from http//www.roughcut.com

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Citing a book

• LaFollette, M.C. (1992). Stealing into print
• Fraud, plagiarism, and misconduct in
• scientific publishing. Berkeley University
• of California Press.

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How would you cite this newspaper article?
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Citing a newspaper article

• McCall, B. (1999, November 14). The dog
• wrote it. New York Times Book Review, p. 7.
• OR
• McCall, B. (1999, November 14). The dog
• wrote it. New York Times Book Review, p. 43.

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Citing an article from alibrary database

• Plagiarism The Internet makes it easy.
• (2004, September 1). Nursing Standard,
• 18, 40-43. Retrieved November 16, 2004,
• from Academic Search Elite database.
• OR
• Plagiarism The Internet makes it easy.
• (2004, September 1). Nursing Standard,
• 18, 40-43.

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Citing a WWW page

• Leland, B.H. (2002, January 29). Plagiarism and
  the
• web. Retrieved September 21, 2004, from
• http//www.wiu.edu/users/mfbhl/wiu/plagiarism.htm

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Final Reference List

• References
• LaFollette, M.C. (1992). Stealing into print
  Fraud, plagiarism, and
• misconduct in scientific publishing. Berkeley
  University of
• California Press.
• Leland, B.H. (2002, January 29). Plagiarism and
  the web. Retrieved September 21, 2004, from
• http//www.wiu.edu/users/mfbhl/wiu/plagiarism.htm
  
• McCall, B. (1999, November 14). The dog wrote it.
  New York Times
• Book Review, p. 7.
• Plagiarism The Internet makes it easy. (2004,
  September 1). Nursing Standard, 18, 40-43.
  Retrieved October 21, 2004,
• from Academic Search Elite database.

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The Reference List Final Words of
Advice
There are many different types of materials you
could cite If you run into something unusual,
look it up!
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Final words of advice

• Realize that plagiarizing is always the worst
  solution to any academic problem
• When in doubt, ask for help.

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People and places and things that can help you

• The Writing Center
• http//www.csuchico.edu/uwc/students/index.html
• Your Instructor
• The Librarians
• http//www.csuchico.edu/library/ask.htm
• A Style Manual