What

1
Whats the Matter?
Interest Grabber
Section 2-1

• All of the materials around you are made up of
  matter. You are made up of matter, as are the
  chair you sit on and the air you breathe.
• 1. Give an example of solid matter.
• 2. Give an example of liquid matter.
• 3. Give an example of gaseous matter.
• 4. Is all matter visible?
• 5. Does all matter take up space?

2
Section Outline
Section 2-1

• 21 The Nature of Matter
• A. Atoms
• B. Elements and Isotopes
• 1. Isotopes
• 2. Radioactive Isotopes
• C. Chemical Compounds
• D. Chemical Bonds
• 1. Ionic Bonds
• 2. Covalent Bonds
• 3. Van der Waals Forces

3
An Element in the Periodic Table
Section 2-1
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C
Carbon
12.011
4
Figure 2-2 Isotopes of Carbon
Section 2-1
Nonradioactive carbon-12
Nonradioactive carbon-13
Radioactive carbon-14
6 electrons 6 protons 6 neutrons
6 electrons 6 protons 8 neutrons
6 electrons 6 protons 7 neutrons
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Figure 2-3 Ionic Bonding
Section 2-1
Sodium atom (Na)
Chlorine atom (Cl)
Sodium ion (Na)
Chloride ion (Cl-)
Transfer of electron
Protons 11 Electrons -11 Charge 0
Protons 17 Electrons -17 Charge 0
Protons 11 Electrons -10 Charge 1
Protons 17 Electrons -18 Charge -1
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Figure 2-3 Ionic Bonding
Section 2-1
Sodium atom (Na)
Chlorine atom (Cl)
Sodium ion (Na)
Chloride ion (Cl-)
Transfer of electron
Protons 11 Electrons -11 Charge 0
Protons 17 Electrons -17 Charge 0
Protons 11 Electrons -10 Charge 1
Protons 17 Electrons -18 Charge -1
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Water, Water Everywhere
Interest Grabber
Section 2-2

• If you have ever seen a photograph of Earth from
  space, you know that much of the planet is
  covered by water. Water makes life on Earth
  possible. If life as we know it exists on some
  other planet, water must be present to support
  that life.

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Interest Grabber continued
Section 2-2
1. Working with a partner, make a list of ten
things that have water in them.

• 2. Exchange your list for the list of another
  pair of students. Did your lists contain some of
  the same things? Did anything on the other list
  surprise you?

3. Did either list contain any living things?
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Section Outline
Section 2-2

• 22 Properties of Water
• A. The Water Molecule
• 1. Polarity
• 2. Hydrogen Bonds
• B. Solutions and Suspensions
• 1. Solutions
• 2. Suspensions
• C. Acids, Bases, and pH
• 1. The pH Scale
• 2. Acids
• 3. Bases
• 4. Buffers

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pH Scale
Section 2-2
Oven cleaner
Bleach
Ammonia solution
Increasingly Basic
Soap
Sea water
Human blood
Neutral
Pure water
Milk
Normal rainfall
Acid rain
Increasingly Acidic
Tomato juice
Lemon juice
Stomach acid
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Figure 2-9 NaCI Solution
Section 2-2
Cl-
Cl-
Na
Na
Water
Water
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Figure 2-9 NaCI Solution
Section 2-2
Cl-
Cl-
Na
Na
Water
Water
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Lifes Backbone
Interest Grabber
Section 2-3

• Most of the compounds that make up living things
  contain carbon. In fact, carbon makes up the
  basic structure, or backbone, of these
  compounds. Each atom of carbon has four electrons
  in its outer energy level, which makes it
  possible for each carbon atom to form four bonds
  with other atoms.
• As a result, carbon atoms can form long chains. A
  huge number of different carbon compounds exist.
  Each compound has a different structure. For
  example, carbon chains can be straight or
  branching. Also, other kinds of atoms can be
  attached to the carbon chain.

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Interest Grabber continued
Section 2-3

• 1. On a sheet of paper, make a list of at least
  ten things that contain carbon.

2. Working with a partner, review your list. If
you think some things on your list contain only
carbon, write only carbon next to them.
3. If you know other elements that are in any
items on your list, write those elements next to
them.
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Section Outline
Section 2-3

• 23 Carbon Compounds
• A. The Chemistry of Carbon
• B. Macromolecules
• C. Carbohydrates
• D. Lipids
• E. Nucleic Acids
• F. Proteins

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Concept Map
Section 2-3
Carbon Compounds
include
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
that consist of
which contain
which contain
which contain
which contain
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Figure 2-11 Carbon Compounds
Section 2-3
Methane
Acetylene
Butadiene
Benzene
Isooctane
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Figure 2-13 A Starch
Section 2-3
Starch
Glucose
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Figure 2-16 Amino Acids
Section 2-3
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Alanine
Serine
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Figure 2-16 Amino Acids
Section 2-3
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Alanine
Serine
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Figure 2-16 Amino Acids
Section 2-3
Amino group
Carboxyl group
General structure
Alanine
Serine
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Figure 2-17 A Protein
Section 2-3
Amino acids
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Matter and Energy
Interest Grabber
Section 2-4

• Have you ever sat around a campfire or watched
  flames flicker in a fireplace? The burning of
  wood is a chemical reactiona process that
  changes one set of chemicals into another set of
  chemicals. A chemical reaction always involves
  changes in chemical bonds that join atoms in
  compounds. The elements or compounds that enter
  into a chemical reaction are called reactants.
  The elements or compounds produced by a chemical
  reaction are called products. As wood burns,
  molecules of cellulose are broken down and
  combine with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and
  water vapor, and energy is released.

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Interest Grabber continued
Section 2-4

• 1. What are the reactants when wood burns?
• 2. What are the products when wood burns?
• 3. What kinds of energy are given off when wood
  burns?
• 4. Wood doesnt burn all by itself. What must you
  do to start a fire? What does this mean in terms
  of energy?
• 5. Once the fire gets started, it keeps burning.
  Why dont you need to keep restarting the fire?

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Section Outline
Section 2-4

• 24 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
• A. Chemical Reactions
• B. Energy in Reactions
• 1. Energy Changes
• 2. Activation Energy
• C. Enzymes
• D. Enzyme Action
• 1. The Enzyme-Substrate Complex
• 2. Regulation of Enzyme Activity

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Effect of Enzymes
Section 2-4
Reaction pathway without enzyme
Activation energy without enzyme
Activation energy with enzyme
Reactants
Reaction pathway with enzyme
Products
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Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions
Section 2-4
Energy-Releasing Reaction
Energy-Absorbing Reaction
Activation energy
Products
Activation energy
Reactants
Reactants
Products
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Figure 2-19 Chemical Reactions
Section 2-4
Energy-Releasing Reaction
Energy-Absorbing Reaction
Activation energy
Products
Activation energy
Reactants
Reactants
Products
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Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action
Section 2-4
Enzyme (hexokinase)
Glucose
Substrates
ADP
Products
Glucose-6- phosphate
ATP
Products are released
Active site
Substrates bind to enzyme
Enzyme-substrate complex
Substrates are converted into products
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Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action
Section 2-4
Enzyme (hexokinase)
Glucose
Substrates
ADP
Products
Glucose-6- phosphate
ATP
Products are released
Active site
Substrates bind to enzyme
Enzyme-substrate complex
Substrates are converted into products
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Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action
Section 2-4
Enzyme (hexokinase)
Glucose
Substrates
ADP
Products
Glucose-6- phosphate
ATP
Products are released
Active site
Substrates bind to enzyme
Enzyme-substrate complex
Substrates are converted into products
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Figure 2-21 Enzyme Action
Section 2-4
Enzyme (hexokinase)
Glucose
Substrates
ADP
Products
Glucose-6- phosphate
ATP
Products are released
Active site
Substrates bind to enzyme
Enzyme-substrate complex
Substrates are converted into products
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Video Contents
Videos

• Click a hyperlink to choose a video.
• Atomic Structure
• Energy Levels and Ionic Bonding
• Covalent Bonding
• Enzymatic Reactions

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Video 1
Video 1
Atomic Structure

• Click the image to play the video segment.

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Video 2
Video 2
Energy Levels and Ionic Bonding
Click the image to play the video segment.
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Video 3
Video 3
Covalent Bonding
Click the image to play the video segment.
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Video 4
Video 4
Enzymatic Reactions
Click the image to play the video segment.
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Internet
Go Online

• Career links on forensic scientists
• Interactive test
• Articles on organic chemistry
• For links on properties of water, go to
  www.SciLinks.org and enter the Web Code as
  follows cbn-1022.
• For links on enzymes, go to www.SciLinks.org and
  enter the Web Code as follows cbn-1024.

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Section 1 Answers
Interest Grabber Answers

• 1. Give an example of solid matter.
• Sample answers books, desks, chairs
• 2. Give an example of liquid matter.
• Sample answers water, milk
• 3. Give an example of gaseous matter.
• Sample answers air, helium in a balloon
• 4. Is all matter visible?
• No
• 5. Does all matter take up space?
• Yes

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Section 2 Answers
Interest Grabber Answers

• 1. Working with a partner, make a list of ten
  things that have water in them.
• Possible answers bodies of water, rain and
  snow, soft drinks and other beverages, juicy
  foods such as fruits, and so on.
• 2. Exchange your list for the list of another
  pair of students. Did your lists contain some of
  the same things? Did anything on the other list
  surprise you?
• Students answers will likely be similar, but
  not exactly alike.
• 3. Did either list contain any living things?
• Students lists may include plants, animals, or
  other living things.

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Section 3 Answers
Interest Grabber Answers

• 1. On a sheet of paper, make a list of at least
  ten things that contain carbon.
• Students will likely know that charcoal and coal
  contain carbon. They may also list carbohydrates
  (starches and sugars), oil, gasoline, wood, or
  carbon dioxide.
• 2. Working with a partner, review your list. If
  you think some things on your list contain only
  carbon, write only carbon next to them.
• Students will say that charcoal and coal contain
  only carbon. While these materials do contain
  small amounts of other elements, such as sulfur,
  they are composed mostly of carbon.
• 3. If you know other elements that are in any
  items on your list, write those elements next to
  them.
• Students may know that many carbon compounds
  also contain oxygen and/or hydrogen.

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Section 4 Answers
Interest Grabber Answers
1. What are the reactants when wood
burns? Reactants are oxygen and cellulose. 2.
What are the products when wood burns? Products
are carbon dioxide and water. 3. What kinds of
energy are given off when wood burns? Light and
heat are given off. Some students may also
mention sound (the crackling of a fire). 4. Wood
doesnt burn all by itself. What must you do to
start a fire? What does this mean in terms of
energy? To start a fire, you must light it with
a match and kindling. You are giving the wood
some energy in the form of heat. 5. Once the fire
gets started, it keeps burning. Why dont you
need to keep restarting the fire? Once the fire
gets going, it gives off enough heat to start
more of the wood burning.
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End of Custom Shows

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