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????600????????????????????,??????(Pars)?????.????
???????????????,???????????.
????????? ?? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????????
? ?? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????
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????????,?????????3??,??????????? .
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????3,000????????,??????(Elamites),??????????????,
???????,????(Susa), ??????(Elamite
Kingdom).???1,250 ????????????(Untach
Gal)???????Inshushinak,???????,?????5?,????
,????????????(Chogha Zanbil)??.(??????).
5
???.???(Gate of Untach Gal)14??????????????.??????
????????????,??????.??????????????????????.
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?????????????????????????????,?????????,??????????
?,??????????,????????????,???????????????.
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????????????????????????????,??????,?????????????.
?????????????????????,??????????????.1979?????????
.
8
???640?????????(Ashurbanipal)????,?????(Chogha
Zanbil)????,???639???????????.??????,????1935?????
?????????,?????2,500??.??????,???????(Karkha)
,???????????,???????????????????.
9
?????????
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????????(Susa),??????(Apadana Plan)??400??,???????
???????.?????????????,???????,?????????????,??????
??????????.??????????640????????,????????????????.
??????????????.
10
????1000????????????(Medes)???????????,???(????Ary
ans)????????.?????????????,?????????????.????????,
???????????,????728?????(Deioces) ???????(Median
Empire 728 550 B.C.).
11
????675???????(Phraortes)??,??????(Cyaxares)??????
????, ????????(???????),????????????????,?????????
(Arrapkha,??????),?????????(Nineveh,??????),????.?
?????????????????????????,????612???????????,???8?
????,???609????????????????.
12
???585???????(Astyages)??,??????????????????,?????
?????????,???????(Cyrus II)??.???550??????????????
???????????,????????? (Achaemenid
Dynasty,550-330B.C).???????????????.
13
??? ??(Cyrus II,559-530 B.C.)???,????????????,????
?????????, ??????????????,????????????. ????539??
?????,????????????????,??????????????????,??????,?
?????????,?????????,????????,?????????????????????
???,???????????,??23??????????,????????????????,.
?????????????????,???????????,???????????2,000?
,???????????. ???????,??????,???,???????????????
????????????????????
14
?????????????????,????????????. ???(Yazd)??????(Z
oroastrianism)???????????????????????????,???????
??Noruz?????????????. ??????(Zoroastrianism)????,
?????1,000???,??????????????????????,20?????,30???
?,??????. ??????????,????????????,???????????????
.????????,?????????. ????????????
????(Zent-Avesta),??????,????????21?.?????????
???????,??????????????????.
15
???(Ahriman) ???????,
????????. ??????????????.
16
???????(Ahura Mazda)???????????,????????.
?????????,??????????????,???????????????????,?????
? ???? (Chinvat)????,?????,?????.
17
???????????????????????,??????????,
?????????,?????????.????????????,????????????? .
18
?????????????????????,????????????????, ???????.
19
??????(??)????????????,??????????????,????,???????
???,?????? (Tower of Silence).?????,??????,?????.
20
??????????, ??????,????,??????????,?????????????.?
??,???????????????????,???????,?????????????.
21
???(Yazd)???????????,??????????????????????,??????
???,???????????????? .?????,?????,?????,??????????
??
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?????????????????,?????????????,??????,???????????
??.?????,???????????.
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???(Qanat)???????,???????,????????????????????????
.
24
??(Yakhchal)?????????????,???????????.??????,
?????,???????????????????????.??????????????,?????
????.
25
?????(Cyrus II the Great)????546?????????????????,
????????????????(Ecbatana)??????(Hamadan)?????????
? ??????????????,??????????.
26
????????160?????????,????(Pasargadae)?????????,???
????.??????,???????????????,???????????.
27
???????????????????,?????????????,???23????,?????,
????????????,????????????.
28
??????????,????????????????????.????????????????
.???529?,????????????????(???Scythians)??????.
29
??????????????????,200??,?????????????????,????,??
?????,?????2500????,???????. ???????????????????,?
???????????????.
30
???????,?????????(Cambyses II)??(529-522BC),????52
5?????,????????,???????????522?,???????,??????
,??????.
31
?????????????(??),???????????????(Gaumata),??????(
521-486BC).
????(Bisotun)??????????????,????(???),????????????
.???.
32
???????50??????,????1200???,??????????,?????????,?
???????????,???????????????. ???????????521???????
????.
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???????????????????????????????.
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????????????????????????,????????????????????????,
????????????.
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?????????????????,??????????????,??????,????????,?
????,????????????,????????????????????????.
37
?????????(Shushtar Historical Hydraulic)??????????
????????????? ,??????????(Karun)???????,???????(Ga
rgar)??,??????.
38
?????????,????,??????,???????,???????????.
39
??????,?????????????????????.?????????????????????
??????????????,???????????,2009?????????.
40
?????Darius II (423-404 B.C)
???????? Artacerces I (465-424B.C)
?????(??) Darius I ( 522-486B.C)
????(Naqsh-E Rustam) ?? ?????????????????????????,
?????????????????.
41
?????(??) Xerxes I (486-465 B.C)
?????????490??????????????,????486???.?????????(48
5-465B.C),???????,?????????????,??????465??????.
42
???????????????,??????
43
?????(??) Xerxes I (486-465 BC)
????????,??????(Sassanids,224?651A.D)????????.??5
00???????,??????????????,???????,
??????,????????????,????????????????
44
???????(Ardashir I)???224????????,
???????(??224?-651?)?????,???????????.????????????
????,????????,????????????,?????????.
45
???????(??241272? )???????????.??????????,??????
(Ahura Mazda)???????,?????????????,????????.
46
???????????????(Bahram II ,276-293?)
47
????? ??????
??????????????????????????(Shapur I,
241?272?)??????????(Valerian)(???)???????????????
(Philip the Arab).
48
??????????????????,??????????????????3-6??.
49
????????????(??)??,?????????.???,???????.
50
???????????????(Ardashir II) ????379?383?
51
?????????????,????????????,???????????????,??????,
?????????. 633????????,651?????????????????,??????
???(Yazdegerd III) ???????????.
52
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