INTRODUCTION TO ZOOLOGY

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INTRODUCTION TO ZOOLOGY

• TAXONOMY AND CLASSIFICATION

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Meaning of zoology

• ZOO
• OLOGY

• ANIMAL
• THE STUDY OF

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The Animal kingdom has two major divisions

• Animals without a backbone
• Invertebrates
• Divided into 34 phyla but we will only study 9 of
  these

• Animals with a backbone
• Vertebrates
• Divided into seven classes within one phylum -
  Chordata

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TAXONOMY-the study of classification

• The father of taxonomy was CAROLUS LINNAEUS
• BORN IN SWEDEN IN 1707, he produced an extensive
  system of classification for both plants and
  animals
• He used Phylogeny( the comparative study of
  Organismal structure)
• He gave organisms a distinctive name he called a
  species epithet.

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TAXONOMY-the study of classification

• He organized specimens in an ascending series of
  groups of more and more distant relatedness.
  This is called a Hieriarical system and is now
  known as the BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE system
• A two name system because he used the
  Genus and species name to identify the organism

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LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION

• In the animal kingdom there are seven mandatory
  ranks in ascending order from least inclusive to
  most inclusive
• DOMAIN
• KINGDOM
• PHYLA
• CLASS
• ORDER
• FAMILY
• GENUS
• SPECIES

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BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

• An organisms scientific name is made up of
• Genus- always capitalized
• because it is a noun
• species-always lower case
• because it is an adjective
• also, either written in Italics or
• underlined to identify it
• Example- Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens

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Sometimes common names are very misleading
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WHY A NEED FOR SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION?

• In many places, the same animal is known by a
  different name.

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Two definitions of species

• 1. A species is a reproductive
• community of populations that
• occupies a specific niche in the
• natural world.
• 2. An interbreeding population of individuals
  having common descent and sharing
  characteristics.

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A major goal of Taxonomists is to create a
Phylogeny

• A phylogeny is a evolutionary tree that relates
  all extant species to all extinct species

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KINGDOM NR.OF SPECIES
Bacteria....................................
.......... 4,000 Protoctists (algae, protozoa,
etc)......... 80,000 Animals, vertebrates.........
.................. 52,000 Animals,
invertebrates....................
1,272,000 Fungi...................................
.............. 72,000 Plants......................
........................ 270,000 Total number of
described species... 1,750,000 Possible nr. with
unknown species 14,000,000
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Comparison of Huoman and Domesticated dog
classification

• HUMAN DOG
• Kingdom Animalia Animalia
• Phylum Chordata Chordata
• Class Mammalia Mammalia
• Order Primates Carnivora
• Family Hominidae Canidae
• Genus Homo Canis
• Species sapiens familarias

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CHARACTERISTICS USED FOR CLASSIFICATION

• 1. Morphology- looks like something else
• 2. Biochemical similarities- DNA is alike
• 3. Embryology-embryos are similar as they develop
• 4. Cytology- chromosomal size, shape number
• 5. Most important- Breeding Potential- the
  ability to breed together and produce fertile
  offspring

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DOMAINS OF LIFE

• ARCHAEA-life extremists, found in the harshest
  environments on earth
• Extreme halophiles (salt lovers)
• Extreme thermophiles (heat or cold lovers)
• Methanogens (eat CO2, H and N and excrete
  methane gas
• BACTERIA- organisms without a membrane-bound
• nucleus or organelles
• Cyanobacteria-photosynthetic blue-green
  bacteria
• Eubacteria-true bacteria
• EUKARYOTA- organisms with membrane bound nucleus
  and organelles-divided into four kingdoms
• Animalia
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Protista

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KINGDOM ANIMALIA

• ALL CAN MOVE AT SOME POINT IN LIFE CYCLE
• ARE HETEROTROPHIC
• FIRST APPEARED 700 MYA
• (sponges, jellyfish, corals)
• CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION 550 MYA
• RESULTED IN ALL MAJOR BODY PLANS IN EXISTANCE
  TODAY

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Phylum Porifera

• means porebearing
• ex. Sponges

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Phlyum Cnidaria

• Means stinging nettle
• Representative organisms include jellyfish,
  hydras, sea anemones and coral

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Phylum Platyhelminthes

• Means flatworm
• Example tapeworms, flukes and planaria

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Phylum Nematoda

• Means roundworm
• Mostly parasitic
• Examples include
• Pinworms, heartworms, hookworms, large
  intestinal roundworms

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Phylum Mollusca

• Means soft-bodied
• Representative organisms include
• clams, squid, nautilus, octopus
• And cuttlefish

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Phylum Annelida

• Means segmented worm
• Examples include earthworms and leeches

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Phylum Arthropoda

• Means jointed leg
• Examples include
• insects, crustaceans and spiders

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Phylum Echinodermata

• Means spiny-skinned
• Examples include sea urchins, starfish, sea
  cucumbers and sand dollars

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Phylum Chordata

• Means nerve chord
• There are two superclass divisions
• The jawless vertebrates
• Superclass Agnatha
• Seven Classes of jawed vertebrates
• Superclass Gnastostomata

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CLASS AGNATHA

• JAWLESS VERTEBRATES
• TWO GROUPS-HAGFISH AND LAMPREY

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CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES

• meaning cartilage fish
• Example sharks, skates and rays

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Class Actinoptergii

• Means ray-finned fish
• ex. Bass, perch, minnow

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CLASS SARCOPTERGII

• MEANS flesh-finned
• ex. Lungfish

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CLASS AMPHIBIA

• Means double-life
• Frogs, toads, salamanders
• All have thin skin and reproduction is
• tied to water

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CLASS REPTILIANON-AVIAN REPTILES
means to creep Four families, turtles, snakes,
lizards and crocs
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AVIAN REPTILES
FORMERLY CLASS AVES
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CLASS MAMMALIA
Means breast animal