Understanding The Immune System

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Understanding The Immune System

• MICro 451
• IMMUNOLOGY
• Prof. Nagwa Mohamed Amin Aref

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The Immune System
Parasite in red blood cell
Bacteria
SARS virus
Fungus
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Markers of Self
Epithelial cell
Muscle cell
Leukocyte
Nerve cell
Class I MHC self-marker protein
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Markers of Non-Self
Bacteria
SARS virus
Epitope
Antigen
Antibody
Non-self leukocyte
Non-self nerve cell
Antigen
Epitope Class I MHC protein
Antibody
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Markers of Self Major Histocompatibility Complex
Antigenic peptide
Antigenic peptide
Antigenic peptide
Viral infection
MHC Class II
MHC Class I
MHC Class I
Antigen-presenting cell uses MHC Class I or II
Infected cell
Cell membrane
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Organs of the Immune System
Tonsils and adenoids
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic vessels
Thymus
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Peyers patches
Appendix
Lymph nodes
Bone marrow
Lymphatic vessels
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Lymphatic System
Lymph node
Lymphatic vessel
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Lymph Node
Incoming lymphatic vessel
Germinal center
Follicle
Paracortex
Cortex
Medulla
Outgoing lymphatic vessel
Vein
Artery
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Cells of the Immune System
Bone graft
Macrophage
Mast cell
Eosinophil
Erythrocytes
Marrow
Basophil
Monocyte
Megakaryocyte
Bone
Hematopoieticstem cell
Multipotential stem cell
Myeloid progenitor cell
Neutrophil
Platelets
Lymphoid progenitor cell
Dendritic cell
T lymphocyte
B lymphocyte
Natural killer cell
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B Cells
Class II MHC and processed antigen are displayed
Antigen-specific B cell receptor
Antigen
Antibodies
B cell
Plasma cell
Lymphokines
Antigen-presenting bacteria
Activated helper T cell
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Antibody
Heavy chain
Light chain
Antigen-binding region
Constant region
Assembled antibody molecule
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Immunoglobulins
IgG, IgD, IgE, and IgA
IgA
IgM
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Antibody Genes
V V V D D J J J J C
Heavy chain
Light chain
V D J C
Antigen-binding region
Constant region
Assembled antibody molecule
Rearranged gene components encoding a heavy chain
Gene components scattered through one chromosome
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T Cells
Resting cytotoxic T cell
Resting helper T cell
Activated killer cell
Activated helper T cell
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Cytokines
Lymphokines
Monokines
Mature helper T cell
Macrophage
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Killer Cells Cytotoxic Ts and NKs
Killer cell
Target cell
Target-oriented granules
Surface contact
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Phagocytes and Their Relatives
Monocyte
Eosinophil
Mast cell
Dendritic cell
Macrophage
Neutrophil
Basophil
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Phagocytes in the Body
Brain microglial cells
Lungalveolar macrophages
Liver Kupffer cells
Spleen macrophages
Kidneymesangial phagocytes
Blood monocytes
Lymph node resident and recirculating macrophages
Precursors in bone marrow
Jointsynovial A cells
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Complement
C2
C3a
C3
C7
C5a
C1
C8
C6
C5b
IgG
C5b
Enzyme
C5
C3b
C4
Antigen
C9
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Mounting an Immune Response
Complement
Lymphokines
T cell
Antibodies
Macrophage
B cell
Killer cell
Virus
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Antigen Receptors
Killer cell
Helper T cell
B cell
Antigen-specific receptor
T cell receptor
T cell receptor
CD8 protein
CD4 protein
Antigenic peptide
Antigenic peptide
Antigen
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
MHC Class I
MHC Class I
MHC Class II
Infected cell
Antigen-presenting cell
Antigen-presenting cell
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Activation of B Cells to Make Antibody
Circulating antibody
Antigen
Antigen-presenting cell
Class II MHC and processed antigen are displayed
Antigen-specific B cell receptor
Antigen is processed
Antigen
Class II MHC
Lymphokines
Antibodies
B cell
Activated helper T cell
Antigen-presenting cell
Plasma cell
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Activation of T Cells Helper
Antigen is processed
Processed antigen and Class II MHC are displayed
Antigen
Macrophage
Helper T cell receptor recognizes processed
antigen plus Class II MHC
Class II MHC
Monokines
Antigen-presenting cell
Resting helper T cell
Lymphokines
MHC Class II
Activated helper T cell
Antigenic peptide
T cell receptor
CD4 protein
Helper T cell
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Activation of T Cells Cytotoxic
Processed antigen and Class II MHC are displayed
Antigen is processed
Antigen
Macrophage
Resting helper T cell receptor recognizes
processed antigen plus Class II MHC
Class II MHC
Monokines
Resting helper T cell
Lymphokines
Activated helper T cell
Class I MHC
Processed antigen and Class I MHC
Cytotoxic T cell becomes activated
Infected cell
Antigen (virus)
MHC Class I
CD8 protein
Activated cytotoxic T cell
Cytotoxic T cell
Infected cell
Processed antigen (viral protein)
Cell dies
Cytotoxic T cell
Antigenic peptide
T cell receptor
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Regulatory T Cells
T cells compete for cytokine signals
T cells compete for same antigen
Cytotoxic T cell
Mature dendritic cell
Regulatory T cells
Regulatory T cell
Proliferation
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Immunity Active and Passive
Passive immunity
Active immunity
Naturally acquired
Naturally acquired
Artificially acquired
Artificially acquired
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Disorders of the Immune System Allergy
Interleukins
IgE
Allergen
Mediators
Symptoms
Plasma cell
B cell
Mast cell
Mature helper T cell
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Disorders of the Immune System Autoimmune
Disease
Pancreas
Cytotoxic T cell
Beta cell
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Disorders of the Immune System Immune Complex
Disease
Glomerular basement membrane of kidney
Large complex
Endothelial cell
Small complex
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Disorders of the Immune System AIDS
Virus protein
Virus RNA
Virus DNA
Cell DNA
New virus particle
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Human Tissue Typing for Transplants
HLA
Chromosome 6
A
C
B
D
Leukocyte
MHC protein
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Privileged Immunity
Chorionic villi
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Immunity and Cancer
Antibody
Macrophage
Cancer cell
Helper T cell
Natural killer cell
Cytotoxic T cell
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Immunotherapy
Radioisotope
Herceptin
Growth factor
Herceptin blocks receptor
Antibody
Antigen
Breast cancer cell
Lymphoma cell
Lymphoma cell destroyed
Growth slows
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Dendritic Cells That Attack Cancer
Dendritic cell matures and is infused back into
patient
Complex binds to dendritic cell precursor
Tumor antigen
T cell
Tumor antigen is linked to a cytokine
Complex is taken in by dendritic cell precursor
Dendritic cell displays tumor antigen and
activates T cells
Cancer cell
T cells attack cancer cell
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The Immune System and the Nervous System
Brain
Neuroendocrine and autonomic pathways
Immunotransmitters (feedback, regulation and
modulation)
Thymus
Bonemarrow
Thymosins
T cell
Lymphokines Monokines
Macrophage
B cell
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Hybridoma Technology
Antigen
Cells fuse to make hybridomas
Cancerous plasma cells
Antibody-producing plasma cells
Clones are tested for desired antibody
Hybridoma cells grow in culture
Desired clones are cultured and frozen
Individual hybridoma cells are cloned
Hybridomas are kept alive in mouse
Monoclonal antibodies are purified
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Genetic Engineering
A plasmid (ring of DNA) is isolated from a
bacterium
An enzyme cuts the DNA at specific sites
A gene for protein, taken from another cell, is
cut with the same enzyme
The recombinant plasmid is inserted back into the
bacterium
The new gene directs the bacterium to make a new
protein product such as interferon
The gene is inserted into the plasmid, where it
fits exactly. This is recombinant DNA
When the bacterium divides and replicates, it
copies itself and the recombinant DNA
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The SCID-hu Mouse
Immature human immune tissue
Immature human immune cells
Mouse kidneys
Immuno-incompetent SCID mouse
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