Collision Avoidance Procedures

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Collision Avoidance Procedures

• Soaring Safety Foundation
• Flight Instructor Refresher Clinic
• Rich Carlson

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Sharing Airspace
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Regulations

• FAR 91.113 (b)
• Regardless of IFR or VFR all pilots will
  observe See and Avoid procedures
• Advisory Circular 90-48C
• Pilots role in collision avoidance
• AIM Section 4-4-13 (d)
• Describes effective scanning techniques

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See and Avoid

• Basic Concept
• Look outside and avoid running into other
  aircraft!

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See and Avoid

• Advantages
• Uses Mark I human eyeball
• Low regulatory overhead
• Limitations
• Pilot must recognize hazard and take action

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Mark I Eyeball
Supplement Page 8
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Problems

• Physiological issues
• Blind spot
• Empty Field Myopia
• Physical obstructions
• Seat location
• Canopy rails
• Instruments

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Visual Scanning

• Peripheral vision detects motion
• Foveal vision identifies objects
• Proper scanning procedures
• Use multiple sectors (10 deg)
• Stop in each sector for a second or 2
• Focus on distant object

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Known Hazardous Areas

• General areas
• Near VORs
• In and around Class D, C, and B airspace
• Near victor airways
• Within 5 miles and 3000 ft of an airport

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Known Hazardous Areas

• Glider Specific
• Thermals
• Start/Finish Gate
• Turnpoints
• Ridge line
• Others

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Aircraft Markings

• Anti-collision markings
• A study by the OSTIV TSP found that high
  visibility color (Safety Orange) reduced the
  visibility of a glider
• Highly reflective mirror tape did a much better
  job

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Visual Perception

• The blocks on the lower left mark the danger area
  for the speeds quoted, when aircraft are on a
  collision course. This danger area is based on
  the recognition and reaction time shown in the
  table on the lower right.
• From AC 90-48C

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Reaction time in seconds
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Visual Perception

• Move back 12 feet from this illustration. From
  that position the silhouettes represent a T-33
  aircraft as it would appear to you from the
  distances indicated in the table on the left.
  The time required to cover these distances is
  given in seconds for a combined speed of 360 and
  600 mph.
• From AC 90-48C

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Is a collision imminent?
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Position Reporting

• Where am I
• Where are you
• Aids to position reporting
• GPS distance/bearing
• Altitude
• Known ground reference

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Electronic Aids

• Radios
• Transponders
• Operation limitations
• Glider only codes

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Portable Collision Avoidance Boxes
PCAS - XRX
PCAS - MRX
http//www.zaonflight.com/
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Situational Awareness

• Whats happening now
• Whats going to happen next
• Whats going to happen soon
• Whats he going to do

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12 Action Items from Jim Shorts Airspace in the
New Century

• Prominent posting of airline arrival/departure
  routes and expected altitudes
• Post NOTAMs for meets and contests
• Define local areas that are relatively safe
• Voluntarily avoid high risk areas
• Increase our personal vigilance at critical
  altitudes
• Consider a Mode C transponder
• Supplement Page 7

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Summary

• Remember most mid-airs and near mid-airs occur
  during the day, in VFR conditions, close to an
  airport
• See and Avoid procedures need to be taught

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