Basic Chemistry/Chemical Bonding

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Basic Chemistry/Chemical Bonding
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DRAW WHAT YOU THINK AN ATOM LOOKS LIKE
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Atoms are around us and in us

• World is made up of many different substances
• Chemistry tells us all different types of matter
  that exists
• Matteranything that takes up space (form of a
  solid,liquid, gas)
• Atoms? building blocks of matter

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Atoms of one type are elements

• Atoms exist in the form of elements
• H hydrogen atoms make up hydrogen
• O oxygen atoms make up oxygen
• C carbon atoms make up carbon
• Clchlorine atoms make up chlorine
• Fe iron atoms make up iron

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Main Elements in Biology

• H hydrogen Cl chlorine
• C carbon S sulfur
• N nitrogen
• O oxygen
• P phosphorus
• CHONPS

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All the element are organized on the Periodic
Table
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Structure of the atom (Subatomic Particles)

• Nucleus inside contains
• Protons(),neutron(0)
• Electrons outside
• Negatively (-) charged

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Atomic Number and Mass Number for Elements

• The atomic number of protons or electrons
• Mass Number number of protons neutrons

Atomic Number
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C
Mass Number
12.001
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How To Determine the Number of Neutrons?

• Subtraction
• Mass Number- Atomic Number

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How do elements combine?

• Elements combine by bonding
• Two Ways
• Covalent
• Ionic

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Covalent Bonding

• Sharing of electrons in order to bond elements
• SharingCaring? COVALENT
• Found in the formation of H20, HCl

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Ionic Bonding

• Electrons are donated/transferred in order for
  bonding to occur
• Results in ion charges
• Used in forming crystals (NaCl)

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Compounds

• Most substances found in nature exist as
  compounds
• Compounds two or more different kinds of atoms
  combined
• Atom A Atom B Compound AB
• H2 O2 H20
• Other ex CO2, CaCl2, C6 H12 O6

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Making of Hydrogen Molecule
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Bonding of atoms to form H
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Making of Water
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Ionic Bonding of NaCl
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Ionic Bonding of NaCl
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WATER SCIENCE

• Water is a very important molecule in biology
• Our bodies are made up of A LOT of water
• Muscle 75
• Blood 95
• Fat 14
• Bone 43

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Amazing Properties of Water

• Adhesive, Cohesive, Polar, Capillary Action
• Adhesive sticks to surface
• Cohesive sticks to itself
• Polar has both positive and negative charges
• Capillary Action can move against gravity

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Why does water have these properties?

• It is a polar molecule
• Polar uneven distribution of charges
• H slight positive charge (2 of them)
• O slight negative charge (1 of them)

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What does this allow for?

• Bonding of water to water through Hydrogen
  Bonding
• O of one water molecule is attracted to the H
  from another water molecule
• Its like a magnet
• Because of this, water can stick to itself, and
  is able to stick to surfaces

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Other Water Properties

• Hydrophobic water fearing
• Some biochemical molecules will stay away from
  water because they are non-polar
• Hydrophilic water loving
• Some biochemical molecules will be attracted to
  water because they too are POLAR

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Adhesive and Cohesive Properties
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ADHESION COHESION

• Adhesion Cohesion
• SURFACE TENSION

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Organisms can walk on water
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This is why water sticks to the graduated cylinder
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Magnified Graduated Cylinder
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Mixtures
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Suspensions
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Solutions
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Other Chemistry Info

• Mixture two or more compounds physically but not
  chemically put together
• Two Types solutions and suspensions
• Solutions type of mixture when parts are evenly
  distributed when dissolved in water (e.g. Salt
  in water and sugar in water, Kool-Aid)
• Two parts? solutes (solid), solvent (what its
  dissolved in)
• Water is considered the universal solvent.
•  Suspensions type of mixture where (solute)
  material does not mix. ( sand in water, oil in
  water)

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Chemical Properties of Solutions

• Can be an acid or a base based on amount of
  hydrogen (H) and hydroxide (OH) present once
  dissolved in water
• Acida solution that has a lot of H
• Base a solution that has a little bit of H

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Measurement of Acids and Bases

• pH scales measure the percent of hydrogen present
• Acids are between 1-6 on the scale
• 1? highly acidic
• 6? slightly acidic
• Bases are between 8-14 on the scale
• 8?slightly basic
• 14? highly basic

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pH scale
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Indicators Used to Detect Acids or Basic
Substances

• Litmus paper? can be acidic or basic based
• Acidic substances turn litmus paperpinks/reds
• Basic substances turn litmus paper blues/violets
• Universal Indicators will change different
  colors based on substance. Must use color chart
  to determine pH value.

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Chemistry Check Answer the following in complete
sentences

• Whats the difference between adhesion and
  cohesion?
• What makes water a polar molecule?
• A molecule that does not interact with water is
  considered
• A molecule that does interact with water is
  considered
• Solutions and suspensions are two types of
• A solution has a pH of 9. Is it acidic or basic?
• Two solutions are placed in front of you, one has
  a pH of 5 and the other has a pH of 2, which has
  a higher pH