Instrumentation and Control Systems Presentation

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Instrumentation and Control Systems Presentation
2006 Greg Heitkamp This material is based upon
work supported by the National Science Foundation
under Grant No. 0402616.) Any opinions, findings
and conclusions or recommendations expressed in
this material are those of the author's) and do
not necessarily reflect the view of the National
Science Foundation (NSF).
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Digital

• Storing information often in a series of 1s and
  0s or binary numbers. The process can be used to
  do calculations or sending pulses to regulate
  instrumentation or other electronic equipment
  turning it on/off or regulating the use of
  materials such as the flow of liquid through a
  valve. In instrumentation and process control
  this accomplished by concerting an analogue
  signal into a digital signal to control the
  process. A non-electronic example would be smoke
  signals or a beacon.

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Analogue

• An analog or analogue signal is any continuously
  variable signal. It differs from a digital signal
  in that small fluctuations in the signal are
  meaningful within a given scale range from a
  small to large signal. Analog is usually thought
  of in an electrical context, however mechanical,
  pneumatic, hydraulic, and other systems may also
  use analog signals. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analogue
  _signal A great example of an analogue device is
  a Wrist Watch with hands that move.

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Binary

• Having the base of 2 for number system with two
  digits 0 and 1. Basis of electronic signal
  signals used in computers. Creates two states for
  the binary signal on or off, 0 being off and 1
  being on. There is no state in between the device
  is either on or off. Often referred to as Boolean
  Logic

http//www.answers.com/topic/binary
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Microprocessor

• A silicon based processing chip or logic chip
  designed as the heart of the computer, contains
  all the necessary information to run a computer
  speed measured in megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz
  (GHz). These chips have areas for comparing
  numbers or doing calculations called registers.
• Good example Digital Clocks and Wrist Watches

http//whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gc
i212568,00.html http//www.sharpened.net/glossary/
definition.php?microprocessor http//www.answers.c
om/microprocessorr67
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Fuzzy Logic

• The ability of a machine to answer questions that
  are not yes or no questions. Fuzzy logic use 0
  and 1 as the extremes of yes and no but answers
  the degrees of maybe. Fuzzy logic works much
  closers to that of the human brain. It is subset
  of Boolean logic use to fill the concepts of a
  partial truth. An example of such is a half full
  glass of water is .50 of full.

http//whatis.techtarget.com/definition/0,,sid9_gc
i212172,00.html http//www.austinlinks.com/Fuzzy/o
verview.html http//whatis.techtarget.com/definiti
on/0,,sid9_gci212172,00.html
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Neural System

• In information technology, a neural network is a
  system of programs and data structures that
  approximates the operation of the human brain. A
  neural network usually involves a large number of
  processors operating in parallel, each with its
  own small sphere of knowledge and access to data
  in its local memory.
• Good example Joystick for a computer game

http//searchnetworking.techtarget.com/gDefinition
/0,294236,sid7_gci212648,00.html
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Sensors

• Devices such as a photocell that respond to a
  signal or stimulus. A device that measures or
  detects a real-world condition, such as motion,
  heat or light and converts the condition into an
  analog or digital representation. These devices
  are use in manufacturing plants to tell how many
  items are in a package such as the example CDs
  to fill a container for packaging or to the
  number of containers fill case for shipment.
• Good examples motion detectors and burglar alarms

http//www.answers.com/sensorsr67
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Actuators

• One that activates, especially a device
  responsible for actuating a mechanical device,
  such as one connected to a computer by a sensor
  link. http//www.answers.com/actuatorsr67
• An actuator is the mechanism by which an agent
  acts upon an environment. The agent can be either
  an artificial intelligent agent or any other
  autonomous being (human, other animal, etc).
  http//www.answers.com/actuatorsr67
• Examples human hand, leg, arm, Part Picking
  Robot, Switches

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Stepper Motors

• A mechanism that causes a device to be turned on
  or off, adjusted or moved. The motor and
  mechanism that moves the head assembly on a disk
  drive or an arm of a robot is called an actuator.
  http//www.answers.com/actuatorsr67
• A good example printer motor moves the laser head
  cartridge across the paper. http//computer.howstu
  ffworks.com/inkjet-printer2.htm for the picture

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Synchro Motor

• A type of rotary transformer fixed to rotor which
  attached to a motor and can be adjusted. The
  current is adjusted to keep the rotor and motor
  operating at a synchronized speed. The result of
  this action causes the parts to work in unison.
• http//www.answers.com/topic/synchro,
• http//www.thefreedictionary.com/synchro
• Good Examples the gun turret on a naval
  destroyer and the film and sound of older movies
  before microelectronics.

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Open-loop Control

• A control loop operated by human intervention or
  does not have a feedback loop to self adjust.
  http//www.answers.com/topic/open-loop-controller
• Example A fan that plugs into the wall with no
  switch to turn on or off.

Fan operates at the speed of the motor
Fan operates to fast to much air movement blows
papers of desk
Plug fan into outlet power on
Unplug fan to shut off
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Closed-loop Control

• A control-loop operated by a feedback loop
  allowing self adjusting of the loop. A
  mechanical, optical, or electronic system that is
  used to maintain a desired output.
  http//www.answers.com/topic/control-system
• Good example Fan with a switch to allow the
  speed to be changed

Fan speed can be adjusted or turned off
Switch turned down to lower fan speed
Fan plugged in
Fan turned on
Fan is to fast papers blow around
Fan works fine papers do not blow around
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Instrumentation

• Instrumentation is defined as "the art and
  science of measurement and control".
  Instrumentation is used to refer to the field in
  which Instrument technicians and engineers work.
  Instrumentation also can refer to the available
  methods of measurement and control
  en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentation
• Good example the gauges that control the boilers
  for the school heating system

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Standards Addressed in this Unit

• Standard 2 Students will develop an
  understanding of the core concepts of technology.
• Y The stability of a technological system is
  influenced by all the components in the system
  especially the feedback loop.
• DD Quality control is planned to ensure that the
  product ,service, or system meets established
  criteria.
• FF Complex systems have many layers of controls
  to provide information

• Standard 3 Students will develop an
  understanding of the relationships among
  technologies and connections between technology
  and other fields of study
• H Technology innovation often results when
  ideas, knowledge, or skills are shared within a
  technology, among technologies or across other
  fields.
• J Technological progress promotes the
  advancement of science and mathematics.

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Standards Addressed in this Unit continued

• Standard 17 Students will develop an
  understanding of and be able to select and use
  information and communication technologies.
• M Information and communication systems allow
  information to be transferred from human to
  human, human to machine, and machine to machine.

• P There are many ways to communicate
  information, such as graphics and electronic
  means.
• Q Technological knowledge and processes are
  communicated using symbols, conventions, icons,
  graphic images, and languages that incorporate a
  variety of visual, auditory, and tactile stimuli