The Seedless Vascular Plants: Ferns and Their Relatives

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The Seedless Vascular Plants Ferns and Their
Relatives
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• Features of Seedless Vascular Plants
• 1. Xylem and phloem present
• internal conducting tissues for water
  and food, respectively
• 2. Spores, but no seeds
• 3. Ferns and relatives ("fern allies")

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• Reproduction in the ground pine Lycopodium
• 1. Strobilus (conelike stucture)formed in many
  species.
• 2. Sporophylls with sporangia. Meiosis occurs in
  sporangia.
• 3. Meiospores germinate in the soil and produce
  gametophytes with archegonia and antheridia.
• 4. Fertilization occurs in archegonium, producing
  zygote.
• 5. Zygote develops into mature sporophyte.
• 6. Asexual propagation may occur by bulbils,
  small small budlike structures produced in the
  axils of leaves.

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• Reproduction in the spike moss Selaginella
• 1. Sporangia produced on microsporophylls and
  megasporophylls.
• 2. Microsporangia and megasporangia produce
  microspores and megaspores.
• 3. Microspores develop into male gametopyte.
• 4. Megaspores develop into female gametophytes.
• 5. Gametophytes develop within the confines of
  the microspore and megaspore walls.
• 6. Fertilization and development of sporophytes
  similar to ground pines.

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• Human Ecological Relevance of Club Mosses and
  Quillworts
• 1. Little economic importance.
• 2. Lycopodium spores used as flash powder and
  other uses.
• 3. Selanginella resurrection plants, sold as
  novelties.
• 4. Lycopodium woven into wreaths and holiday
  decorations.
• Isoetes quillwort corms can be eaten by animals,
  birds, and humans.
• Equisetum- used for polishing of metals
• Azolla-used as Bio-fertilizers

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