Earthquake Hazard Mitigation for Nonstructural Elements

1
Earthquake Hazard Mitigation for Nonstructural
Elements
2
Presentation Outline

• Defining Nonstructural Elements
• Earthquake Effects on Buildings and Nonstructural
  Elements
• Nonstructural Inventory
• Nonstructural Mitigation Design Approaches and
  Implementation Examples
• Special Considerations

3
Defining Types of Nonstructural Elements

• Architectural
• Building Utility Systems
• Mechanical
• Electrical
• Telecommunications
• Furniture and Contents

4
AIR DIFFUSER
AIR CONDITIONING DUCT
BEAM
HANGER WIRES FOR CEILING
FIRE SPRINKLER SYSTEM
ELECTRICAL CONDUIT FOR WIRING
STUDS
LIGHT FIXTURE
FURNISHINGS AND EQUIPMENT
NON-LOAD BEARING PARTITION
SUSPENDED CEILING ACOUSTICAL TILE
EXTERIOR CURTAIN WALL, WINDOWS, CLADDING
MASONRY OR CONCRETE STRUCTURAL WALL
CONCRETE SLAB ON METAL DECK OR CONCRETE SLAB
STEEL OR CONCRETE COLUMNS
STEEL COLUMN SHOWN ENCASED IN FIREPROOFING
5
Architectural Nonstructural Elements

• Exterior
• Parapets, chimneys
• Exterior ornamentation
• Curtain wall, cladding, glazing
• Interior
• Partitions (Non-load bearing)
• Ceilings, access floors
• Interior ornamentation

6
Characteristics of Architectural Elements

• Not load-bearing structural elements
• Typically visible to occupants
• Usually attached to the structural framing
• Non-permanent (can be moved or removed)
• Designed by architect
• Sometimes designed by specialty engineer,
  manufacturer, or structural engineer

7
Building Utility Systems Nonstructural Elements

• Categories
• Heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC)
  equipment and distribution
• Plumbing system and piping
• Fire suppression
• Potable water and sanitary sewer system
• Gas piping
• Storage tanks
• Electrical equipment and distribution
• Generators
• Lighting
• Communications equipment and distribution

8
Characteristics of Building Utility Systems
Elements

• Often heavy equipment
• Usually attached to the structure
• Typically hidden from public view
• Includes both equipment and distribution piping
  or wiring
• Designed by mechanical or electrical engineer or
  contractor

9
Furniture and Contents

• Can include any non-permanent items
• Tenant-supplied
• Generally not attached to the structure
• Examples
• Shelving
• Display items
• Portable equipment
• Goods and items in storage

10
Defining Behavior of Nonstructural Elements

• Ideal nonstructural behavior
• Not included as part of the structural design
• Detailed and constructed to be non-load bearing
• Do not resist vertical loads
• Do not resist lateral loads
• Do not interfere with movement of structural
  system
• Weight of nonstructural elements small compared
  to structure
• These elements have negligible effect on seismic
  behavior of the building

11
Earthquake Behavior of Nonstructural Elements

• Contributing Factors
• Earthquake ground motions
• Building stiffness
• Location in the building
• Type of restraint or anchorage
• Weight of nonstructural component
• Types of Response
• Acceleration Sensitive
• Displacement Sensitive

12
Historic Earthquake Activity
Ref http//neic.usgs.gov/neis/general/seismicity/
us.html
13
Seismic Hazard Regions
Reference FEMA 154 2nd Edition
14
Building Response to Earthquakes
Vertical Motion
Horizontal Motion
Horizontal Motion
15
Earthquake Ground Motion

• Contributing Factors
• Earthquake magnitude
• Distance from epicenter
• Soil conditions
• Effects
• Ground acceleration
• Ground displacement

16
Building Response
17
Earthquake Effects
Displacement
Displacement
Lateral Forces
Equivalent Earthquake Effects
Ground Motion
18
Variability of Earthquake Response within a
Building
Building Motion larger
Earthquake Motion
19
Variability of Earthquake Response
For tall buildings, Typically largest at the roof
Floor Acceleration
Ground Motion
20
Interaction of Building and Nonstructural Elements
Element Motion Larger
Roof Floor Motion Larger
Element Motion Smaller
2nd Floor Motion Smaller
21
Response of Stiff Nonstructural Elements
Very Very Rigid Nonstructural Element
Nonstructural Element
Floor
Floor Response
Element Response

22
Response of Flexible Nonstructural Elements
Nonstructural Element
Floor
Floor Response
Element Response
gt
23
Sliding and Overturning
OVERTURNING OF SLENDER OBJECTS
SLIDING OF STOCKY OBJECTS
CENTER OF GRAVITY
CENTER OF GRAVITY
UPLIFT
24
Overturning Example
25
Sliding Example
Sliding Displacement
26
Interstory Displacement
Total Displacement at Roof
Interstory Displacement At 3rd Story
Ground Motion
27
Interstory Displacement Damage
FLEXIBLE MOMENT FRAME
INTERSTORY DISPLACEMENT
BRITTLE SHEATHING
EARTHQUAKE FORCE
28
Interstory Displacement Example
Exit Not Usable
29
Building Separation
BREAKAGE OF PIPING OR DUCTS MAY OCCUR AT
SEPARATION JOINTS DUE TO DIFFERENTIAL
DISPLACEMENTS, INCLUDES POUNDING
DEFORMED SHAPE OF BUILDING 1
DEFORMED SHAPE OF BUILDING 2
30
Building Separation Damage
31
Nonstructural Inventory Process

• Planning
• Building Walkthrough
• Categorize Results
• Implement Retrofit Program

32
Planning

• Identify areas to be surveyed
• Establish evaluation criteria
• Identify and train personnel
• Prepare survey forms
• Notify tenants

33
Nonstructural Earthquake Performance Levels

• Operational
• Immediate Occupancy
• Life Safety
• Hazards Reduced
• Not Considered

BETTER PERFORMANCE
POORER PERFORMANCE
34
Sample Survey Form
Inspector
Building Name
Date
Comments
Building Location
Retrofit Required
Room Identification
Element Description
Bracing Detail
Quantity
Units
Sheet Number
35
Building Walkthrough

• Identify and Classify Nonstructural Elements
• Assess the Attachment to the Structure
• Record Information
• Photograph and Sketch
• Identify Patterns and Similarities

36
Inventory Tools

• Clipboard
• Inventory form
• Pen or pencil
• Flashlight
• Tape measure
• Camera
• Ladder

37
Nonstructural Survey
LACK OF BOLTED CONNECTION BETWEEN EQUIPMENT AND
SUPPORT PLATFORM
38
Categorize Results

• Identify Performance Requirements
• Determine Need for Engineering Design
• Compare Benefit/Cost Ratio
• Prioritize Retrofit Measures

39
Implement Nonstructural Retrofit

• Prepare Timelines and Goals
• Look for Opportunities for Incremental Retrofits
• Hire Engineer and Contractor
• Coordinate with Occupants

40
Nonstructural Mitigation Design Approaches and
Implementation

• Design Methods
• Non-Engineered
• Prescriptive
• Engineering Design
• Implementation
• Maintenance Staff
• Contractor

41
Non-Engineered Mitigation

• Examples
• Restraints for Tenant-Supplied Equipment
• Cabinet Doors and Drawers
• Shelf Contents
• Limitations
• Lightweight items
• Non-critical items
• Non-critical facilities

42
Prescriptive Restraints

• Definition
• Standard bracing restraints for certain
  designated nonstructural components
• Examples
• Water heaters
• Suspended acoustic ceilings
• Limitations
• Not for large, industrial water heaters
• Not for critical facilities

43
Engineered Retrofit

• Requirements
• Provide access to elements
• Provide drawings and vendor data
• Identify performance goals
• Identify constraints
• Required for critical facilities

44
Nonstructural Elements Retrofit Examples

• Description of typical nonstructural elements
• Earthquake performance
• Retrofit configuration
• Identification of design methods

45
Architectural Elements Examples

• Appendages
• Canopies
• Chimneys
• Parapets
• Cladding
• Windows
• Partitions
• Ceilings
• Access Floors

46
Appendage Damage
PAINT SHADOW INDICATES PREVIOUS LOCATION OF
LEDGER
PIPE SHORE PLACED UNDER JOIST
47
Exit Canopy Damage
48
Sign or Canopy Support
TOP STRUT, RATHER THAN CHAIN, CAN PREVENT
"SEISMIC BOUNCING"
RUSTPROOFING ESSENTIAL
CONNECTIONS DIRECTLY TO STRUCTURE.
CANTILEVER BACK-UP CAPABILITY
HEAVY MARQUEE, SIGN, CANOPY
49
Chimney Damage
50
Chimney Restraint
BENT SHEET METAL STRAP
MOUNTING ANGLE SET IN ROOFING MASTIC
CHIMNEY
SHEET METAL FLASHING
1'-0"
STEEL ANGLE BRACING
8'-0" MAXIMUM
MOUNTING ANGLE
1'-0"
FLAT BLOCK
A FLAT 4"X10", EXTEND BEYOND EACH BRACE
SECTION THRU CHIMNEY
ROOF RAFTER
FRAMING
51
Chimney Restraint Example
52
Parapet Damage
53
Parapet Support
CONTINUOUS STEEL ANGLE
UNREINFORCED BRICK PARAPET
6" MAX.
WOOD BLOCK
THRU BOLT
STEEL ANGLES
THRU BOLTS ENDS COUNTERSUNK
ANCHOR BOLTS
JOIST
WATERPROOFING IS VERY IMPORTANT.
NAILED CLIP ANGLE
HOLDOWNS
THRU BOLTS
54
Parapet Support Example
55
Exterior Cladding

• Brick or Stone Veneer
• Glazing
• Prefabricated Wall Panels
• Concrete
• GFRC
• Steel or Aluminum

56
Masonry Veneer Damage
FAILURE OF BRICK VENEER
57
Veneer Anchors
58
Precast Concrete and Glass Curtainwall
59
Cladding Support
FLOOR SLAB
PERIMETER STRUCTURAL BEAM
PRECAST PANEL
STEEL ROD WITH NUT ANCHORED TO HOLE IN ANGLE
BRACKET
ANCHORS SECURELY EMBEDDED IN PANEL
STEEL ANGLE BOLTED TO PANEL
PERIMETER STRUCTURAL BEAM
60
Glass Block Glazing
61
Glazing Damage
62
Glazing Mitigation

• Replace windows with tempered or laminated glass
• Replace windows with a system that allows the
  frame to distort without touching the glazing
• Apply safety film to existing glass

63
Roofing Damage
DISLODGED CLAY ROOF TILES CREATE A FALLING HAZARD
64
Partition Damage in Stairwell
65
Partition Damage
66
Partition Support
ANCHOR BOLT OR LAG BOLT ATTACHED TO CEILING
STRUCTUREABOVE
ANGLE BRACES AT APPROXIMATELY6' ON CENTERS
60º MAXIMUM
PARTIAL-HEIGHT PARTITION
5/16" DIAMETER BOLT, TYP.
BOLT OR SHEET METAL OR WOOD SCREWS, TYP.
67
Partition Support Example
Partition Brace
68
Partition Support
STRUCTURE ABOVE
METAL OR WOOD STUDS
PARTITION FREE TO SLIDE AT TOP BUT
RESTRAINED LATERALLY

• CONSIDERATIONS
• SEALANT FOR ACOUSTIC ISOLATION
• FIRE RATING MUST BE CHECKED FOR FIRE SEPARATION
  WALLS

PARTITION FIXED AT BASE
FLOOR
69
Partial-Height Partition Support
PARTITIONS THAT SUPPORT HEAVY SHELVES ARE MORE
LIKELY TO FALL.
A "ZIG-ZAG" LAYOUT IS MORE STABLE THAN A STRAIGHT
LAYOUT WITH NO PERPENDICULAR WALLS
BOLT TO FLOOR OR TO STABLE FURNITURE
70
Ceiling Types

• Suspended Acoustic
• Concealed Spline
• Gypsum Board
• Lath and Plaster

71
Typical Acoustic Ceiling
72
Unrestrained Suspended Ceiling
73
Suspended Ceiling Damage
74
Ceiling Damage at Sprinkler Head
Note Ceiling could also lead to damage of the
sprinkler
75
Suspended Acoustic Ceiling Prescriptive Restraint
DIAGONAL BRACING WIRES(NO. 12 GAUGE)
ANCHOR WIRES TO STRUCTUREABOVE
ADJUSTABLE LENGTH COMPRESSION STRUT TO
PREVENTVERTICAL MOVEMENT
APPROX. 45
45
PROVIDE 4-WAY DIAGONAL BRACING AND COMPRESSION
STRUT APPROXIMATELY EVERY 12 FT. EACH WAY.
TIGHTEN SECURELY AT EACH END OF WIRE
45
45
MAIN RUNNER
CROSS RUNNER
76
Suspended Ceiling Restraint
77
Unsupported Access Floor
78
Access Floor Support
VARIOUS RESTRAINT SCHEMES FOR CABINETS
- CASTERS TO SOMEWHAT ISOLATE COMPUTER FROM
MOTION - PRETENSIONED THREADED ROD FROM COMPUTER
CABINET BASE THROUGH RAISED FLOOR - TETHER CABLES
PLACE ANGLES AROUND CABLE OPENINGS TO PREVENT
COMPUTER FEET FROM FALLING INTO HOLES.
PROVIDE DIAGONAL BRACES AND BOLT PEDESTAL BASES
TO CONCRETE SLAB
BOLT PEDESTAL BASES TO CONCRETE SLAB (USUALLY
ADEQUATE FOR PEDESTALS UP TO 1' HIGH).
79
Building Utility System Elements Examples

• Tanks
• Piping and Ducts
• Gas Lines
• Water Heaters and Boilers
• Vibrating Equipment
• Electrical Equipment
• Lighting
• Gas Cylinders
• Elevators

80
Unsupported Suspended Tank
81
Overturned Tank
82
Tank Support
TANK
WELDED OR BOLTED CONNECTIONS
FLEXIBLE CONNECTION TO GENERATOR
ANCHOR BOLTS
BRACE
CONCRETE PAD
83
Tank Anchorage
FLEXIBLE HOSE CONNECTION TO SUPPLY LINE
PROPANE TANK
CONCRETE PAD LARGE ENOUGH TO AVOID OVERTURNING
CAST-IN-PLACE ANCHOR BOLT (OR EXPANSION BOLT)
GROUND
84
Suspended Tank Support Example
85
Unrestrained Piping
86
Pipe Restraint
ANGLE BRACE
TRANSVERSE BRACING
PIPE
PIPE CLAMP
ANGLE BRACE
LONGITUDINAL BRACING
PIPE
87
Pipe Restraint Guidelines

• Exemptions
• Gas piping less than 1 inch diameter
• All other piping less than 2 ½ inches in diameter
• Piping suspended by hangers lt 12 inches in length
• Considerations
• The weight of the contents
• The effect on the entire piping system
• Thermal movement of the pipe
• Longitudinal and transverse restraint
• Separate bracing for sections separated by
  flexible connections

88
Pipe Restraint Example
89
Pipe Restraint Example
90
Flexible Utility Connection Example
SHUT-OFF VALVE
FLEXIBLE UTILITY PIPING
UTILITY INLET
NOTE REQUIRES PLUMBING EXPERTISE. ENGINEERING
MAY BE REQUIRED FOR LARGE DIAMETER PIPING .
RIGID CONNECTION TO HEATER, WATER HEATER, STOVE,
OR OTHER EQUIPMENT
91
Flexible Piping Connections
92
Automatic Shutoff Valve
93
Duct Support
ATTACH SECURELY TO STRUCTURE ABOVE
STEEL ANGLE BRACING
DUCT
94
Duct Support Guidelines

• Exemptions
• Not required for rectangular ducts lt 6 sq ft or
  round ducts lt 28 inch diameter
• Not required for ducts suspended lt 12 inches from
  floor or roof slab
• Bracing locations
• Two transverse braces for each straight run
• One longitudinal brace for each straight run

95
Unrestrained Air Diffusers
96
Diffuser Restraint
SECURE WIRES PROPERLY
12 GAUGE WIRES AT EACH CORNER OR AT LEAST AT
DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE CORNERS
ANCHOR WIRES TO STRUCTURE ABOVE
ATTACHMENT FOR FLEXIBLE HVAC DUCT
DIFFUSER
97
Unrestrained Water Heater
98
Prescriptive Water Heater Restraint

• Limitations
• Maximum Capacity 100 Gallons
• Structural wall within 12 inches

99
Water Heater Restraint
LAG SCREW W/FLAT WASHER
STEEL STRAP OR PLUMMERS TAPE
2"-6" MAX.
WOOD STUD
CONDUIT WITH ENDS FLATTENED
CONDUIT
WATER HEATER
MACHINE SCREW
FLEXIBLE WATER CONNECTION
PLAN
PLUMBER'S TAPE
WATER HEATER
FLEXIBLE GAS CONNECTION
ELEVATION
100
Corner Wall Water Heater Restraint
KEEP FROM COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL
FIRST STUD NOTBEHIND HEATER
ENCIRCLE TANK ONE FULL WRAP
WATER HEATER
FLEXIBLE WATER CONNECTIONS
PLAN
PLUMBER'S TAPE OR METAL STRAP
WOOD STUD
WATER HEATER
LAG SCREW W/FLAT WASHER
FLEXIBLE GAS CONNECTION
ELEVATION
101
Water Heater Restraint Example
102
Incorrect Water Heater Restraint
Braces Offset from Wall
103
Unrestrained Suspended Heater
104
Suspended Heater Restraint
CONNECT FRAME TO STRUCTURE ABOVE OR WALL.
FLEXIBLE GAS CONNECTION
FOR A SUSPENDED HEATER, WELD OR BOLT BRACING TO
FRAME.
105
Suspended Heater Restraint Example
106
Damaged Battery Rack
107
Battery Restraint
SEISMIC RESISTANT BATTERY RACKS ARE AVAILABLE
FROM VENDORS THAT MAY BE BOLTED TO THE FLOOR
AND/OR WALL.
BOLTED TO FLOOR. BRACING OF LEGS MAY BE REQUIRED.
ACID RESISTANT STRAP
108
Restrained Battery Racks
109
Unrestrained Rigid Equipment
110
Restrained Rigid Equipment Example
Anchorage
111
Unrestrained Vibrating Equipment
112
Vibrating Equipment Restraint
SUFFICIENT GAPS TO ALLOW SPRINGS TO ISOLATE
EQUIPMENT VIBRATION UNDER NORMAL USE
HVAC EQUIPMENT
NEOPRENE "BUMPER" PADS
ANCHOR BOLTS
SPRING MOUNT (CHECK WITH VENDOR FOR SEISMIC MODEL)
TWO STEEL Z's OR OTHER RESTRAINTS ON EACH OF THE
FOUR SIDES TO PREVENT UPWARD AND
LATERAL EARTHQUAKE MOTION
113
Restrained Vibrating Equipment Example
Seismically designed vibration isolator
Sleeper Anchorage
114
Unrestrained Gas Cylinders
115
Dislodged Gas Cylinders
116
Gas Cylinder Restraint
1/4" DIAMETER SCREW EYE (OR EXPANSION ANCHOR TO
CONCRETE)
CHAIN RESTRAINT3/16"? MIN. WELDED CLOSED-LINK
STEEL CHAIN (SAFE WORKING LOAD 500
LB.) STRONGER HARDWARE AND WALL SUPPORT
REQUIRED FOR MULTIPLE CYLINDERS. ENGINEERING
RECOMMENDED.
GAS CYLINDER
1/4" ? MIN. THREADED CONNECTOR (SAFE WORKING
LOAD 500 LB.)
117
Restrained Gas Cylinders
118
Electrical Elements Examples

• Light Fixtures
• Integrated
• Pendant
• Electrical Equipment

119
Unrestrained Light Fixture Damage
120
Light Fixture Restraint
MINIMUM 3 TIGHT TURNS IN 1-1/2" AT EACH END OF
WIRE
12 GAUGE WIRES _at_ EACH CORNER OR AT LEAST _at_
DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE CORNERS
ANCHOR WIRES TO STRUCTURE ABOVE
FOR EXPOSED FLORESCENT LIGHT BULBS OR FIXTURE
LENSES SUBJECT TO FALLING, SECURE IN PLACE WITH
2 WIRES THAT WRAP BENEATH THE LENS OR BULBS AND
ATTACH SECURELY TO THE FIXTURE
LAY-IN LIGHT FIXTURE
121
Damaged Pendant Light
122
Pendant Light Restraint
BOLT TO CEILING JOIST
ALTERNATE RUN CABLE OUTSIDE STEM AND ATTACH TO
CEILING JOIST WITH A LAG SCREW
SLACK SAFETY CABLE
CEILING
HOLLOW FIXTURE PIPING
BOLT TO FIXTURE
NO INTERFERENCES
PENDANT LIGHT FIXTURE
123
Damaged Electrical Equipment
124
Electrical Equipment Restraint
Horizontal Brace bolted to equipment
Wall Anchorage
125
Unrestrained Communication Equipment
126
Elevators
Elevator shaft enclosure
Cables out of Sheaves
Anchorage failure of equipment
Car guide rail
Car out of guide rails
Door
Jammed doors
Guide rail bracket
Spreader beam
Broken or bent brackets
Counter-weight guide rail
Counter weight out of guide rails
Counterweight
Car roller guide assembly
Damaged or bent brackets
Counterweight roller guide
Cables out of Sheaves (not shown)
127
Contents Examples

• File Cabinets
• Shelves and Contents
• Cabinets and Contents
• Portable Equipment and Computers

128
Overturned File Cabinet
129
Unrestrained File Cabinet
130
File Cabinet Restraint
TOP CONNECTIONS TO TIE UNITS TOGETHER TO FORM A
MORE STABLE SHAPE
ANGLE USED TO FASTEN UNITS TO WALL STUD
ALTERNATIVE BOLT SIDES OF ADJACENT CABINETS
TOGETHER AT 4 CORNERS
FOR FREE-STANDING UNITS, FASTEN CONTINUOUS ANGLE
TO UNITS AND FLOOR
STRONG LATCHES ON DRAWERS
131
Improperly Supported Shelves
132
Shelving Supports
2 - 1/4" ??BOLTS PER UNIT, TYP.
STEEL ANGLE
BOLT ANGLE TO WALL OR STUD
STEEL ANGLES
TOP OF SHELVING
ANCHOR TO WALL (NOTE STUD WALLS NOT STRONG
ENOUGH FOR MULTIPLE ROWS OR LONG RANGES.
6'-8" MIN.
BOTTOM OF SHELVING UNIT
STEEL STRAP CROSS BRACING.
SHELVING
EXPANSION ANCHOR BOLT
UNIT TIE (STEEL STRAP WITH 1/4" ? BOLTS)
133
Damage to Library Contents
134
Bookcase Support
LAG SCREW
EXTERIOR ANGLE BRACKET
BRACKETS AT TOP OR AT SIDES
BOOK CASE
WOOD SCREW OR MACHINE BOLT WITH NUT WASHER
WOOD STUD
LAG SCREW
INTERIOR ANGLE BRACKET
BOOKCASE
WOOD STUD
BOOKCASE
LAG SCREW
BOOKCASE
"Z" CLIP BRACKET
METAL, WIRE, OR ELASTIC GUARDRAILS OR PLASTIC
STRIP TO HELP RESTRAIN OBJECTS
WOOD STUD
135
Unrestrained Shelf Contents
136
Chemical Spill Example
137
Common Causes Of Haz Mat Releases

• Building structural failures
• Dislodged asbestos
• Pipe breaks
• Damaged Tanks
• Sloshing from open-topped tanks
• Falling containers
• Equipment sliding or overturning

138
Shelf Content Restraints
SUPPLY SHELF
WOOD, METAL, OR PLEXIGLAS "LIP" EDGE SCREWED TO
SHELVING UNIT
OR
PROVIDE NYLON STRAP OR BUNGEE CORD AROUND
INDIVIDUAL ITEMS
ANGLE BRACKET
SUPPLY SHELF
PACKING BOXES OR "EGGCRATE" BOX TO HOLD SMALL
BOTTLES
METAL WIRE, OR ELASTIC GUARDRAILS
EYE BOLT AT EACH END
139
Shelf Contents Restraint Example
140
Shelf Content Restraint Example
141
Shelf Contents Guidelines

• Anchor storage shelves
• Provide safety lip or shelf edge
• Store small or breakable items in original
  packing or eggcrate boxes
• Store incompatible materials at a safe distance
  apart
• Use unbreakable plastic bottles or glass bottles
  with an exterior plastic safety coating for
  hazardous chemicals

142
Display Artwork Restraint
BENT WIRE ARMS TO ENCIRCLE THE OBJECT
PROVIDE PADDING TO PROTECT ARTWORK
PLACE OBJECT IN CLOSE FITTING GLASS OR PLEXIGLASS
DISPLAY CASE PEDESTAL MUST BE ANCHORED
143
Cabinet and Drawer Restraint
INSTALL STRONG MECHANICAL CABINET CATCHES (SAFETY
HASP, SLIDE BOLT, TOUCH-DOOR CABINET CATCH,
CLIP-ROLLER OR SNAP-ACTION CABINET CATCH, ETC.)
ALTERNATIVE PROVIDE BABY-PROOF CLOSURE
INSTALL MECHANICAL DRAWER CLOSURE (BABY-PROOF
LATCHES, DRAWER LOCKS, OR OTHER SPECIALTY
LATCHES)
144
Cabinet Door Restraint Example
145
Unrestrained Fire Extinguisher
146
Fire Extinguisher Restraint
GOOD LOCATION FOR FLASHLIGHT
LATCH ON DOOR MUST NOT LOCK UNLESS GLASS CAN BE
EASILY BROKEN FOR ACCESS.
CABINET BOLTED TO WALL STUD
QUICK-RELEASE STRAP
147
Computer and Equipment Restraint
RUBBER "DOORKNOB" BUMPERS
HOOK AND LOOP MATERIAL
CHAIN
GLUED ON OR THREADED MOUNTS
ADHESIVE BACKED LATCHES
"BICYCLE" OR "BUNGEE" ELASTIC CORD
CONNECTING STRAP
SHELF EDGE
148
Computer Restraint
149
Special Considerations

• Disruption to occupants and operations
• Permanence of nonstructural items and bracing
• Redundancy of support system
• Cost vs. benefit of mitigation
• Building interaction with nonstructural component
• Building performance

150
Seismic Anchorage Guidelines
151
References

• FEMA 74 Reducing the Risks of Nonstructural
  Earthquake Damage A Practical Guide
• FEMA 172 NEHRP Handbook of Techniques for the
  Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings
• FEMA 356 Prestandard and Commentary for the
  Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings
• ASCE 31 Handbook for the Seismic Evaluation of
  Buildings
• SMACNA Seismic Restraint Manual Guidelines for
  Mechanical Systems
• ASHRAE A Practical Guide to Seismic Restraint

152
Internet Resources

• Seattle School District
• School Facilities Manual Nonstructural
  Protection Guide
• http//www.ci.seattle.wa.us/projectimpact/pdfs
• University of California-Berkeley
• Q-Brace Program
• http//www.ehs.berkeley.edu/whatwedo/opp/qbrace/qb
  race.html
• Bay Area Regional Preparedness Project
• Identification and Reduction of Nonstructural
  Earthquake Hazards FEMA 241
• http//www.app1.fema.gov/mit/pdf1.pdf

153
Acknowledgement

• This presentation was prepared for FEMA under the
  Hazard Mitigation Technical Assistance Program
• Contractor URS Corporation
• Subcontractor Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates,
  Inc.