Horticulture Ch8 Hardwood Cuttings

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Horticulture Ch-8Hardwood Cuttings
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Horticulture Ch-8

• Objective
• To perform the six steps in taking hardwood
  cuttings so that success in rooting 60 to 80
  percent of the cuttings is achieved.

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Horticulture Ch-8

• Developed
• After studying this unit, you should be able to
• list five plants commonly propagated by
• select, collect, and label mature cutting wood
  from one of the five identified parent plants.
• make and store ten hardwood cuttings.
• line out cuttings in the field at the proper
  planting time.
• keep accurate records of the percentage of
  cuttings that root.

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Horticulture Ch-8

• Propagation by hardwood cuttings is one of the
  easiest and least expensive methods of vegetative
  or asexual propagation. Cuttings are prepared in
  the dormant winter season when time usually is
  more available to the propagator. Hardwood
  cuttings may be shipped long distances or stored
  for long periods of time.

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Horticulture Ch-8

• Expensive misting equipment or rooting benches
  are not needed, and the necessary cold storage
  may be done outdoors in low-cost facilities if
  temperatures are 5OF (10C) or lower. Many
  deciduous woody plants are easily propagated by
  hardwood cuttings.

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Horticulture Ch-8

• Figure 8-1 lists deciduous and narrow leaf
  evergreens propagated by hardwood cuttings.
• Propagation by hardwood cuttings differs from
  softwood and semi-hardwood cuttings in several
  ways.

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Horticulture Ch-8

• The time of year in which the cuttings are taken,
  
• The hardness, or maturity, of wood used for the
  cuttings,
• The usual absence of leaves on the cuttings, and
• The storage of cuttings instead of immediate
  planting

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Horticulture Ch-8

• SELECTING THE CUTTING WOOD
• Wood for hardwood cuttings is generally taken
  from current season's growth, as is done with
  soft- wood cuttings. The wood is cut from the
  ends of branches or from long shoots that grow
  from the base of the plant, figure 8-2. This
  material may be gathered soon after the plants
  become dormant.

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Horticulture Ch-8

• PROCEDURE SIX STEPS IN TAKING HARDWOOD CUTTINGS
• I. Identify the plant to be propagated and select
  proper cutting wood.
• 2. Collect wood for cuttings.
• 3. Make the cuttings.
• 4. Store the cuttings.
• 5. Line out or plant the cuttings.
• 6. Determine rooting percentage of the cuttings.

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Horticulture Ch-8

• Plants that are dormant have lost their leaves
  and are preparing for the winter rest cycle.
  Cuttings may be taken throughout the winter
  months. The wood taken is current year's growth,
  but it is now mature or hardwood. Plants that are
  healthy, vigorous, and grown in full sunlight
  yield cutting wood with more stored carbohydrates
  and more vigor in rooting.

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Horticulture Ch-8

• COLLECTING THE CUTTING WOOD
• Using a sharp knife, cut the selected wood from
  the parent plants Since the wood has no leaves,
  drying out is not as much of a problem as it is
  with soft- wood cuttings. Label the cuttings
  according to variety name and date collected.

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Horticulture Ch-8

• The wood may be made into 6- to 8-inch cuttings
  for immediate use, or stored in a cool moist
  place (below SOF or 10C) for later use, figure
  8-3. If stored, the branches should never be
  allowed to dry out or become too wet. A covering
  of moist (but not wet) sawdust, sand, or peat
  moss works well to maintain moisture.

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Horticulture Ch-8

• There should be little variation in temperature
  during storage since temperature variation lends
  to hasten drying.

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Horticulture Ch-8

• TAKING CUTTINGS
• Cuttings, usually 6 to 8 inches long, are made
  with a sharp knife or pruning shears. The bottom
  cut is made just below a node and the top cut
  about 1 inch above a node or bud (see B of figure
  8-3).

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Horticulture Ch-8

• Make the bottom cut (end toward the base of the
  plant) at a 450 angle and the top cut at a 90
  angle so that cuttings can be planted bottom
  down. The diameter of cutting wood is not
  extremely important.

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Horticulture Ch-8

• Medium-sized wood, however, tends to survive
  storage and root better than wood that is very
  thin.
• Cuttings should be made early enough so that they
  may be stored six to eight weeks prior to
  planting.

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Horticulture Ch-8

• STORAGE OF CUTTINGS
• The cuttings are treated with a rooting hormone
  for better growth. The finished cuttings are then
  tied in bundles for storage. They should be
  placed so that all the tops are on the same end
  of the bundle and buried in moist sawdust or
  similar material.

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Horticulture Ch-8

• The bundles should not be tightly sealed the
  cut- tings are alive and need oxygen to remain
  healthy. A tight seal could also cause excess
  moisture to collect, resulting in rotting.

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Horticulture Ch-8

• The storage period allows the cut ends of the
  cuttings to callus and the rooting process to
  begin. Callus formation, which occurs during
  storage, is an advantage when cuttings are placed
  outdoors for rooting under drying conditions
  since callused cuttings root more quickly. New
  roots begin to grow during storage and may be
  visible at this point.

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Horticulture Ch-8

• The cuttings may be buried outside in sand-
  filled containers in a well-drained area. Outside
  temperatures must be cold enough to prevent
  growth beginning at the tops of the cuttings
  during the storage period. During the first four
  weeks of storage, the temperature should be 50 to
  55F (10 to 13C).

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Horticulture Ch-8

• This relatively high temperature is favor- able
  for callus formation. After callus has formed,
  the temperature may be lowered to below 40F
  (4C), but never below 32F (0C). This lower
  temperature prevents growth on the tops before
  the cuttings are lined out (planted).

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Horticulture Ch-8

• LINING OUT CUTTINGS
• As soon as the soil is ready in the spring, the
  cut- tings are planted outside. This process is
  kri6wn to nursery workers as lining out. Before
  lining out the cuttings, the soil must be
  prepared.

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Horticulture Ch-8

• A well- drained, sunny site with some wind
  protection is best.
• Rows are dug deeply enough so that the cutting
  can be covered with soil with only the top bud
  remaining above the soil level, figures 8-4 and
  8- 5. If they are to be left for only one )Tear,
  the cuttings are placed 6 inches apart in rows 1
  foot apart.

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Horticulture Ch-8

• When the cuttings are to be left more than one
  year, or when especially fast growing plants are
  involved, the cuttings are spaced 9 to 10 inches
  apart and in rows 2 to 3 feet apart.

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Horticulture Ch-8

• A small shovel or other tool is used to break the
  soil. The cuttings are placed in the soil at the
  depth described above. The cutting should not be
  pushed into the soil under pressure this could
  damage the tissue or break the cutting.

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Horticulture Ch-8

• After the cutting is placed in the row, the soil
  is pressed firmly around the cutting. The soil
  surface may then be mulched to help hold moisture
  and control weeds or cultivated for weed control.
  The soil should never be allowed to dry out
  around the cuttings.

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Horticulture Ch-8

• Provisions should be made for watering as needed.
  
• The number of plants that will eventually root
  depends upon the variety of the plant. However ,
  between 60 and 80 percent of the cuttings can be
  expected to root and grow.

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Horticulture Ch-8

• As the weather becomes warm, the cuttings to
  develop leaves and shoots although they may not
  yet be rooted. However, if growth continues into
  the summer months, it is almost certain that the
  cuttings have rooted. The care required beyond
  this stage varies with the plant being
  propagated.

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Horticulture Ch-8

• Narrow-leaf evergreens propagated by hard- wood
  cuttings are often very difficult and slow to
  root. In general, the slow-growing Juniperus
  species root easily, the yews fairly easily, and
  the upright junipers, spruces, and hemlocks with
  difficulty.

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Horticulture Ch-8

• Pines are extremely difficult to root. Rooting
  hormones with high concentrations of
  indolebutyric acid (0.8 to 1.0 percent actual
  chemical solution or powder) are usually
  beneficial.

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Horticulture Ch-8

• These cuttings are taken from late fall to late
  winter and are best rooted in a greenhouse under
  high light intensity and in high humidity. This
  is achieved by placing the cuttings under plastic
  or using a misting system as specified for
  softwood and semi-hardwood cuttings.

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Horticulture Ch-8

• Cuttings should also be dipped in a fungicide
  such as captan to prevent rotting. Rooting media
  and other environmental conditions are
  essentially the same as those for softwood and
  semi-hardwood cuttings.

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Horticulture Ch-8

• Hardwood cuttings of deciduous plants do not
  require the extensive care given to softwood and
  semi-hardwood cuttings. Since no leaves are pre-
  sent in the initial rooting stages, the demand
  for moisture is not high, and these cuttings need
  not be placed under plastic or in a mist system.

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Horticulture Ch-8

• The evergreen hardwood cutting, which does have
  needles at the time of rooting, must be handled
  as soft - wood cuttings are.

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Horticulture Ch-8

• Rooted cuttings of deciduous plants are usually
  dug for transplanting when they are dormant and
  without leaves. They may be dug bare root. Ever-
  greens, however, that have needles, should be dug
  with a ball of soil attached to the roots. Care
  must be taken to keep the root ball intact.

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