RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHARMACY AND CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHARMACY AND CHEMISTRY AND
PHYSICS 

• DR.K.S.GOPI
• ProfessorH.O.D
• Government Homoeopathic Medical College
• Calicut, Kerala

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PHARMACYDEFENITION

• Pharmacy may be defined as the art and science of
  identifying ,collecting, preserving, preparing,
  combining, compounding , standardizing and
  dispensing medicines according to the
  prescription of a physician.

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CHEMISTRY-DEFENITION

• Chemistry is the science of matter that deals
  with composition, structure, and properties of
  substances and with that transformations that
  they undergo.
•  

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PHYSICS-DEFENITION

• Physics deals with the matter and energy and the
  fundamental forces of nature that govern the
  interactions between the particles

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CHEMICALS

• ELEMENTS
• Metals
• Non Metals
• ACIDS
• INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• MINERALS AND TAR DEIVATIVES
• MINERAL SPRINGS
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Organic acids

• Acetic acid, Formic acid, Butyric acid, Lactic
  acid, Formic acid, Sarcolactic acid, Hydrocyanic
  acid, Oxalic acid, Succinic acid, Tartaric acid,
  Citric acid, Carbolic acid, Picric acid, Benzoic
  acid, Gallic acid, Salicylic acid, Uric acid

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Inorganic acid

• Hydrochloric acid, Nitric acid, Sulphuric acid,
  Phosphoric acid, Chromic acid, Boracic acid

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ELEMENTS

• METALS
• NON METALS
• METALLOIDS

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METALS

• Aluminium met. Argentum met. Aurum met.,
  Beryllium met., Bismuthum met,. Cadmium met.,
  Cobaltum met., Cuprum met., Ferrum met, Indium
  met, Iridium met, Manganum met., Mangnesia met.,
  Merc. Vivus., Niccolum met., Osmium met.,
  Palladium met., Rhodium met., Stannum met.,
  Uraneum met., Vanadium met., Zincum met.

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Non metals

• Bromium. Chlorum. Iodum ., Selenium. Phosphorus.,
  Sulphur

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Metalloids

• Possesses properties of both metals and non
  metals
• Arsenic, Antimony
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COMPOUNDS

• INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• Aluminium silicata., Ammonium muriaticum.,Ammonium
  phosphoricum., Antimonium tartaricum., Argentum
  nitricumArsenicum iodatum., Aurum muriaticum.,
  Aurum muriaticum natronatum., Barium carbonica.,
  Barium muriatica., Bismuthum nitricum., Cadmium
  sulphuricum., Calcarea carb., Calcarea phos.,
  Calcarea fluoride, Calcarea sulphurica, Ferrum
  phosphoricumPotassium bichromicum., Potassium
  bicarb., Lithium carb., Magnesia carb., Manganese
  phos., Merc dulcis., Radium bromide., Uranium
  nitricum.

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Organic compounds

• Amyl nitrosum, Aminobenzene, Antipyrine, Benzol,
  Camphor.,Chrysarobinum., Eupionum,
• (A product of wood tar distillation)
• Nitroglycerine,.Glyceriunum, Ichthyolum.,
  Indigo,. Indol., Iodoform., Kreosotum, Menthol.,
  Methylene blue, Naphthalinum,. Petroleum., Pix
  liquida,. Sulphonal.,
• Thiosinaminum
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MINERALS

• Adams , Aethiops mercurialis, Aethiops
  antimonalis, Heckla lava, Mica, Sal marinum.
  Silicea

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MINERAL SPRING WATER

• Aqua calcarea---Lime water
• Sanicula-A mineral water of Ottawa
• Wesbaden-The spring of weisbaden, in Prussia

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PHYSICAL ENERGIES

• LUNAMoon rays
• SOL Sun rays
• MAGNETIS POLI UMBOThe Magnet
• MAGNETIS POLUS ARTICUSNorth pole of Magnet
• MAGNETIS POLUS AUSTRALISSouth pole of Magnet
• X RAY
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. DRUG CONSTITUENTS

• Alkaloids
• Glycosides,
• Saponins,
• Anthraquinone derivatives,
• Tannins,
• Flavnoids
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ALKALOIDS

• Alkaloids are basic nitrogenous substances of
  plant origin with marked physiological action
  possessing some alkali like properties.
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IDENTIFICATION

• MAYERS REAGENT ( Potassium mercuric
  iodide)yellow or cream precipitate with
  alkaloids
• DRAGENDORFFS REAGENT ( Potassium bismuth iodide
  )-orange colored precipitate  
• HAGNERS REAGENT ( A saturated solution of Picric
  acid in cold water)characterised crystalline
  precipitate
• WAGNERS REAGENT (Iodine solution)brown or
  reddish brown precipitate
• TANNIC ACID TEST-a freshly prepared aqueous
  solution of tannic acid ( 5w/v) gives a
  precipitate with most of the alkaloids which is
  soluble in dilute acids and ammonia
• AMMONIA REINECATE TEST-A saturated aqueous
  solution of ammonia reinecate slightly acidified
  with hydrochloric acid gives a flocculent
  precipitate
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SPECIAL TESTS

• VITALIS TEST for tropane alkaloids
• MUREXIDE TEST for purine alkaloids
• VAN URKS REAGENT for ergot alkaloids

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GLYCOSIDES, FLAVANOIDS

• Glycosides are compounds which on hydrolysis
  gives a sugar compound and a non sugar compound
  The non sugar component is known as aglycone.
  Saponins are same as glycosides but the non sugar
  component has the property of frothing.
• Plant pigments are classified in to flavanoids.

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ANTHRAQUINONE DERIVATIVES, TANNINS

• . Laxative action of drugs are due to
  Anthraquinone derivatives . Tannins are complex
  phenolic compounds which are soluble in water and
  have an astringent and bitter taste
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PREPARATION OF DRUGS

• Different physical methods like filtration ,
  decantation, maceration, percolation ,
  trituration and succession are involved in the
  preparation of drugs. Physical principles like
  gravitation force, capillary force are involved
  in the preparation of mother tincture and
  thermodynamics in potentization.

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   PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF DRUG

• By means of various physical methods like
  specific gravity, density, optical rotation,
  refractive index, melting point, boiling point,
  viscosity, solubility in different solvents and
  various chemical tests the physical and chemical
  properties of drug can be studied
• Example- Atropine. Physical properties-Atropine
  has prismatic crystals , melting point 115 degree
  Celsius. It is insoluble in water, but readily
  soluble in alcohol, chloroform and ether It is
  optically inactive

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CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

• On hydrolysis with baryta water it forms tropic
  acid and tropine
• Moisten a little atropine with fuming nitric acid
  in a porcelain dish . On evaporating to dryness
  on a water bath a yellow stain is obtained .On
  adding a few drops of alcoholic Potassium
  hydroxide to the yellow stain , an intense violet
  color develops, which gradually changes to red .

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INFLUENCE OF DRUGS ON ORGANISMS

• It is otherwise known as pharmacological studies
  of drugs. The physiological and toxicological
  actions of drugs should be conducted on animals.
  For this purpose bioassays are prepared. The
  estimation of potency of crude drugs or its
  preparation is done by means of its effect on
  living organisms like bacterial, fungal growth,
  or animal tissue or entire animal is known
  bioassay. Bioassay methods are mainly 3 types.1.
  Toxic 2. Symptomatic . 3 Tissue methods
• In toxic and symptomatic techniques the entire
  animals are used , where as in tissue method the
  effect of drug is observed on isolated organ or
  tissue.

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List of Drug for bioassay
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QUALITY CONTROL OF DRUGS

• Quality of drugs are evaluated by various
  physical constants and chemical tests.
• Physical constants
• Moisture content

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Moisture content
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Viscosity Liquid paraffinNot less than 64
centistoesMelting point
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  Optical rotation
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Refractive index
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Besides these specific gravity and PH of the drug
should be determined
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Chemical qualityVarious chemical tests helps for
the proper identification of drugs and the drug
constituents.
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Ash content
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Acid insoluble ash
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Water soluble extractive
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Alcohol soluble extractive
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Alcohol insoluble extractive
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STORAGE CONDITIONS OF DRUGS 

• The stability of the drug is limited because of
  slow enzymatic changes in the constituents
• The drugs containing glycosides and esters are
  less stable than those containing alkaloids
• Drugs with essential oil deteriorate rather
  quickly by evaporation and polymerization of the
  substances constituting the essential oil.
  Tannins on the other hand have an unlimited
  durability. PH also influence the stability of
  drug . Other factors are moisture, light and
  presence of oxygen.
• In order to keep crude drugs as long as possible
  it is essential to store them in dry conditions
  in carefully closed containers.
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THANK YOU