Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom Archaebacteria

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Kingdom EubacteriaKingdom Archaebacteria
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Kingdoms Eubacteria/Archaebacteria

• Eubacteria contain bacteria cells with cell walls
  made of peptidoglycan
• Archaebacteria contain bacteria cells with no
  cell walls.
• Bacteria can be found anywhere! Many of them live
  in places where no other forms of life can
  survive! (Archaebacteria)

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What we already know.

• Characteristics
• Prokaryotic ? no membrane-bound
  organelles
• Single-celled or colonial
• All of the cells are identical
• Heterotrophic or autotrophic

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Different types of bacteria

• Bacteria cells are usually one of three different
  shapes
• Rods (bacillus)
• Spheres (coccus)
• Spirals (spirillum)

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Bacteria

• Bacteria can be arranged in several ways
• 2 cells diplo
• A strand of cells strepto
• A cluster of cells staphylo

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Bacteria

• When bacteria are found in colonial arrangements,
  we name them based on their arrangement and their
  shape.
• The first part of the name represents the
  arrangement. The second part represents the
  shape.

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Examples

• EX. Two rod-shaped cells
• Diplobacillus
• EX. Spherical cells in a linear strand
• Streptococcus

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Bacteria

• Bacterial Cell Structures
• Nucleoid (Plasmid)
• Ribosomes
• Plasma Membrane
• Cell Wall
• Flagella

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Bacteria

• Bacterial DNA is not contained in a nucleus
  (remember.no membrane-bound organelles!)
• Instead, the DNA is tangled up in an area we call
  the nucleoid.
• Bacterial DNA forms loops
• Known as plasmids

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Bacteria

• Bacteria cells are classified based on how they
  react to a certain chemical stain developed by
  Dr. Gram
• Gram-positive.
• They retain a purple color when stained with
  crystal violet.

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Bacteria

• Other bacteria cells have no cell wall and react
  differently to the Gram stain
• These bacteria are known as Gram negative because
  they do not stain purple.
• How they stain determines what antibiotic is
  perscribed.

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Bacteria

• Bacteria may achieve motility in three ways
• Using flagella
• An axial filament (bacteria cell moves like a
  corkscrew)
• Slime

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How do bacteria cells reproduce?

• Bacteria cells reproduce using binary fission
• Each daughter cell is identical to the parent
  cell.

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How do bacteria cells create genetic diversity?

• Bacterial Conjugation
• The transfer of genetic material between
  bacteria through cell-to-cell contact.

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Bacterial Conjugationa.k.a Horizontal Gene
Transfer

• http//www.learner.org/channel/courses/biology/arc
  hive/animations/hires/a_infect1_h.html

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Bacterial Conjugation

• The connection that is formed between two
  bacteria cells is known as the conjugation
  bridge.
• The structure that forms the conjugation bridge
  is called a pili.
• The plasmid that gets transferred is known as the
  F plasmid or the sex plasmid.
• Conjugation

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Good Bacteria vs. Bad Bacteria

• There are many bad bacteria in our environment
  that can do harm to our bodies.
• These bacteria cells are known as pathogenic
  bacteria

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Good Bacteria vs. Bad Bacteria

• Bacillus anthracis (causes Anthrax)
• Commonly occurs in ruminants
• Cattle, sheep, goats, etc.
• Humans who are exposed to infected animals or a
  high density of spores (endospore) will become
  infected.
• There are no known cases of people catching
  anthrax from one another.

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Anthrax continued.

• Anthrax can infect three different areas
• Gastrointestinal Anthrax (intestine)
• Pulmonary Anthrax (lungs)
• Cutaneous Anthrax
• Least fatal least painful

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Escherichia Coli

• E. Coli live in the lower intestine of many
  animals.
• However, they can cause several infections when
  they appear in an area of the body that they are
  not normally found.
• Ex. Urinary Tract Infections
• Sometimes E. Coli produce a toxin that attacks
  the body and makes us ill.
• Ex. Food Poisoning

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Streptococcus pharyngitis

• These bacteria attack the pharynx.
• These bacteria are spread through direct
  contact(water dropletsfrom sneezing
  andcoughing)

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Good Bacteria

• Bacteria cells can be easily manipulated and help
  us produce a variety of products.
• For example, we can use bacteria cells to help us
  produce insulin!

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Insulin Production in Bacteria
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Insulin Production in Bacteria

• Genetic Recombination
• The gene responsible for insulin production in
  humans is removed.
• The plasmid in the bacteria cell is opened.
• The human gene is inserted into the plasmid.
• The bacteria cell reads the new gene along with
  its own DNA and becomes an insulin-producing
  factory!
• Insulin is removed from the bacteria cells and
  given to individuals with diabetes!

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Bacteria and Vitamins

• Vitamin B12 is synthesized exclusively by
  bacteria through a process called fermentation.
• Vitamin B12 is necessary for the synthesis of red
  blood cells, the maintenance of the nervous
  system, and growth and development in children.

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Bacteria and Food Production

• Bacteria are used in the production of foods such
  as
• Chocolate
• Sausage
• Dill Pickles
• Soy Sauce
• Olives
• Dairy Products (Milk, Cheese, Yogurt)

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SAY CHEESE!!