Blood Groups Blood Typing Blood Transfusions

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Blood Groups Blood Typing Blood Transfusions
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The problem .

• Mixing blood from two individuals can lead to
  blood clumping or agglutination
• The clumped red cells crack and cause toxic
  reactions

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A little bit of history

• 1901 Austrian Karl Landsteiner discovered blood
  groups
• He discovered that blood clumping was an immune
  response which occurs when the receiver has
  antibodies against the donor blood cells
• He won Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1930

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What is blood made up of?

• Blood consists of several types of cells floating
  around in a fluid called plasma
• Red blood cells contains
• hemoglobin which transports
• O2 and CO2
• White blood cells fight infection
• Platelets help the blood to clot
• Plasma fluid that contains salts
• and various proteins

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What are the different blood groups?

• The differences in blood are due to the presence
  or absence of protein molecules called antigens
  and antibodies.
• Antigens are located on the surface of RBCs
• Antibodies are located in the plasma
• Individuals have different combinations of these
  molecules

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AB0 blood grouping system

• There are four different types of blood
• Blood group A you have A antigens on RBCs and B
  antibodies in your plasma
• Blood group B you have B antigens on RBCS and A
  antibodies in your plasma
• Blood group AB you have both A and B antigens
  on your RBCs and no A or B antibodies in your
  plasma
• Blood group 0 you neither have A or B antigens
  on your RBCs but you have both A and B antibodies
  in your plasma

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Blood Types
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Blood Groups
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Rh factor blood grouping system

• Many people also have a so called Rh factor on
  their RBCs. This is also an antigen
• Those who have it are referred to as Rh
• Those who dont have are Rh-

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Rh factor continued.

• A person with Rh- blood does not have Rh
  antibodies naturally in their plasma but they CAN
  develop Rh antibodies if they receive blood from
  a person with Rh
• Rh antigens can trigger the production of Rh
  antibodies
• A person with Rh blood can receive blood from a
  person with Rh- without any problems

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Blood group notation

• A B AB O
• A- B- AB- O-

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Agglutinates?

• For a blood transfusion to be successful, ABO and
  Rh blood groups must be compatible between the
  donor and the patients blood
• If they are not, the RBCs from the donated blood
  will clump or agglutinate and clog blood vessels
  and stop blood circulation to various parts of
  the body

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Toxicity

• If the agglutinated RBCs crack, their cell
  contents can leak out in the body.
• RBCs contain hemoglobin which is toxic when
  outside the cell. This can be fatal to the
  patient!
• A antigens and A antibodies will clump
• B antigens and B antibodies will clump

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Who can receive blood from whom?
People with O blood are universal donors while
people with AB blood are universal receivers
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