THE GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE RECONSTRUCTION EXPERIENCE: 200104

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THE GUJARAT EARTHQUAKE RECONSTRUCTION
EXPERIENCE 2001-04

• CIVIL SERVICE DAY 2007
• Vigyan Bhavan, New Delhi
• 21 April 2007
• Dr. P.K Mishra
• Secretary to Government of India
• Department of Agriculture Cooperation

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CONTENTS

• The devastation
• Reconstruction programme outcomes
• Processes and innovation
• Mitigation and preparedness measures
• An analysis how and why
• The larger impact

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DEVASTATION A TERRIBLE HUMAN TRAGEDY

• Lives lost 13,805
• 167,000 persons suffered injury
• Over 2,22,035 houses completely destroyed and
  9,17,158 houses damaged
• Over 10,000 small and medium industrial units
  went out of production
• 50,000 artisans lost their livelihood

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Photo by Ashok B. Trivedi
Photo by Ashok B. Trivedi
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Photo by Ashok B. Trivedi
Photo by Ashok B. Trivedi
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RECONSTRUCTION REHABILITATION
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PROGRAMME OUTCOMES

• Housing
• Reconstruction of 2,00,218 houses (90) completed
  
• Repair of 9,08,751 houses (99) completed

• Social Infrastructure
• Education Infrastructure
• 44,218 (100) school rooms repaired
• 12,750 (100) school rooms reconstructed
• 13,000 new additional school rooms reconstructed
• Health Infrastructure
• Repair Reconstruction of 1,107 health
  structures

• Social Rehabilitation
• Setting of orphanages, assistance to paraplegics,
  pension to widows and old aged, artificial limbs
  to handicapped etc

• Livelihood Restoration
• Restoration of livelihood of over 200,000
  families working in agriculture and village /
  cottage industries etc

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PROGRAMME OUTCOMES

• Public Infrastructure
• Power
• Strengthening of 8,903 km (90) of transmission
  and distribution lines completed
• Roads Bridges
• Repair/Reconstruction of 4,134 km (98) of state
  highways and rural roads completed
• All 179 bridges reconstructed
• Rural Water Supply
• 2,615 km (96) of water supply pipelines laid
• Dam Safety Irrigation
• 181 dams (82) have been strengthened

• Urban Infrastructure
• 349 Km (100) of urban roads completed
• 333 Km (93) of sewerage pipelines have been laid
• 700 Km ( 99.7) of water supply pipelines have
  been laid
• 171 (99) new municipal buildings have been
  reconstructed out of 173

• Public Buildings
• 2,758 ( 99) public buildings reconstructed
• 8,999 (98) public buildings repaired
• Retrofitting of 3534 undamaged buildings underway
  and 377 completed

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HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURE
Health infrastructure damaged
Education - After
Health - After
Health infrastructure reconstructed
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HOUSES REPAIR
(97)
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HOUSES RECONSTRUCTION
(87)
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RECONSTRUCTION OF HOUSES
Before Text/Photograph

• Owner-driven Reconstruction (80)
• PPP Reconstruction (20)

PPP Housing
Owner-driven Housing
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SCHOOL ROOMS REPAIR
(100)
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SCHOOL ROOMS RECONSTRUCTION
(91)

• In addition to the 8212 destroyed classrooms,
  3810 additional classrooms have been constructed

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LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION

• Livelihood of 77,587 beneficiaries could be
  restored through
• Working Capital Assistance to Handloom Weavers
• Toolkits to Handloom Weavers, Artisans,
  Handicraft Artisans, Masons
• Loan Subsidy to self-employed persons
• Handlooms and handicraft parks, Gramudyog vikas
  kendra sanctioned
• 1,83,793 farmers have benefited through
• Input kits
• Pucca Structure on Farms
• Irrigation Assets

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LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION

• 187,284 industrial units benefited through
• Cash Assistance to Small Cabins Shops
• Subsidy assistance for small industrial units
• Subsidy and interest subsidy given for service
  trade units
• Rehabilitation of 69 affected tourism units

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LIVELIHOOD RESTORATION

• Restored livelihood
• of over 200,000
• families (Agriculture,
• Industry including
• Cottage Industry)

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HOUSING RECOVERY APPROACH

• Owner Driven Reconstruction ( 80)
• Owner was the prime mover of the reconstruction
  process and reconstruction as per the need, pace
  and will of the owner
• Government provided material, technical and
  financial assistance
• A sense of acceptance and ownership leading to
  higher occupancy
• Knowledge transfer resulting in long-term
  disaster management capacity building
• Public Private Partnership Programme
  (20)
• Partnership with 80 NGOs on a 50 cost sharing
  basis with government
• Community through Gram Sabha to approve NGO
  involvement

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HOUSING RECOVERY INNOVATIVE ASPECTS

• ENSURING STANDARDS
• Multi-hazard resistant reconstruction
• Payment of installments after engineers
  certification
• Third party quality audit by National Council for
  Cement and Building Materials (NCCBM)

• COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION
• Largely Owner Driven
• Minimal relocation
• Choice of relocation decided by village community
  through gram sabha

• RESOURCE ASSISTANCE
• Payment made directly in bank accounts - 6,60,000
  bank accounts opened
• 1,082 outlets opened - 219 lakh cement bags
  distributed apart from steel at subsidized cost
• Excise duty / Sales tax exemption for building
  materials procured in Kutch

• RISK TRANSFER
• Insurance to 14 types of hazards for 10 years at
  premium of Rs.367 deducted from the last
  financial installment by the state

• GRIEVANCE REDRESSAL
• District Judge declared as Ombudsman and around
  42,000 cases were re-solved

• EQUITY
• Joint ownership of house by husband and wife

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Task undertaken scientifically methodically..
In 14 affected towns
URBAN RECONSTRUCTION APPROACH
Relocation and Rehabilitation
Task 1
Preparation of Development Plans
Task 2
Preparation of Town Planning Schemes
Task 3
Infrastructure Development
Task 4
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URBAN RECONSTRUCTION

• Programme implementation - Institutional
  arrangement
• Designation of Gujarat Urban Development Company
  as implementation agency for procurement, design
  supervision and implementation
• Setting up Area Development Authorities in the
  worst affected towns of Kutch to facilitate the
  development process and rehabilitation
• Programme design
• Elaborate mapping done through 19 studies of the
  affected areas
• Using existing legislations for preparation of
  Development Plans (DPs) and Town Planning Schemes
  (TPS) to lay the base for infrastructure design
  and implementation
• Separate packages for procurement of town
  planning, infrastructure design and supervising,
  and detailed unit design consultants
• Community participation
• 1,800 consultative meetings conducted for
  incorporating public objections and suggestions
  in the development and town planning processes

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URBAN RECONSTRUCTION REPARATION OF 4 DEVELOPMENT
PLANS
Traditional markets on specific streets
Large central market area
Market streets for pedestrians
Traffic congestion
Existing
Proposed
Well planned street network
Proper access for all plots
Plots have no proper access
No hierarchy of streets
Source Bhuj Development Plan GERRP
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URBAN RECONSTRUCTION PREPARATION OF 13 TOWN
PLANNING SCHEMES
New plot layout
Previous plot layout
Before the implementation of the Town Planning
Scheme
After the implementation of the Town Planning
Scheme
Source Bhuj Development Plan GERRP
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URBAN RECONSTRUCTION ROAD NETWORK PLANNING
Road network in periphery poor
No clear pattern
Ring - radial pattern
New roads for growth areas
Existing
Proposed
Poor quality of construction
Clearly defined hierarchy
Better quality of construction
No hierarchy
Source Bhuj Development Plan GERRP
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URBAN RECONSTRUCTION WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE
NETWORK PLANNING
City only partly served
Inadequate supply
Service to entire city
Narmada drinking water
Existing
Proposed
Periphery has no piped supply
Pipes in old city damaged
New system for periphery
Reconstruction of city networks
Source Bhuj Development Plan GERRP
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SEARCH RESCUE

• 49 personnel trained in Search Rescue at ICET,
  Netherlands and in Germany
• The persons trained at ICET, in turn, would train
  500 more first responders in the state. Three
  batches of 30 fire personnel have been trained.
• Two batches of 30 fire officers/ firemen trained
  in flood rescue

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EMERGENCY RESPONSE

• Equipments received for the establishment of
  Emergency Response Unit (ERU) at Ahmedabad
• Three sets of emergency equipments were procured
  for AMC, SMC and RMC.

• Emergency equipment to be procured for 90
  municipalities and 10 industrial areas.

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CAPACITY BUILDING-TRAINING

• More than 29,000 masons trained in multi hazard
  resistant constructions retrofitting techniques
• 6,200 engineers trained in multi-hazard resistant
  construction

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CAPACITY BUILDING-EDUCATION

• Revised syllabus of all Engineering colleges to
  include seismic engineering.
• Revised syllabus already adopted by all the
  engineering and polytechnic colleges.
• Training programs for the teachers of Engg.
  Colleges on the revised curricula
• Syllabi of schools revised for incorporating
  general awareness about Disaster Management

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MITIGATION MEASURES - GUIDELINES

• Guidelines for multi hazards resistant
  construction provided
• For several types of construction such as
  masonry, RCC structures, compressed mud earthen
  wall structures etc.
• Guidelines provided for using local materials in
  hazard-resistant construction
• Guidelines specifically for low cost
  reconstruction and retrofitting

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AWARENESS CREATION

• Four Shake Table demonstrations video shows
  held for awareness generation confidence
  building
• Two Technical cassettes prepared on construction
  and retrofitting of houses
• Audio and video cassettes prepared to create
  awareness through the medium of music and jokes,
  traditional folk art

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AWARENESS CREATION GRAM SABHAS

• DM made as a permanent agenda in Gramsabha
  conducted in 18000 villages
• Dos Don'ts for EQ circulated and discussed
• Dos Don'ts for cyclone circulated and
  discussed
• Need for safe construction
• Preparation of village level
• disaster response groups

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OTHER ACTIVITIES ENVISAGED

• Certification of masons and licensing of
  engineers
• Provincial Fire Services
• A seismic pavilion named Planet We Live In at
  Science City
• Revision of Relief Manual

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BENEFIT MONITORING

• Housing Urban and Rural
• 93 G-5 beneficiaries occupied re-constructed and
  insured permanent houses
• 52 beneficiaries had separate toilets and 84
  had separate kitchens
• 39 beneficiaries in the 4 towns lived in larger
  houses as compared to the pre-earthquake
  situation
• 85 newly constructed houses in the 4 towns had a
  road passing directly in front of them
• 23 more BPL families live in permanent houses
• Education
• More than 90 students who dropped out in both
  primary and secondary schools have rejoined - no
  loss in academic year
• Livelihood
• 72 women surveyed have more income now compared
  to preearthquake time

Source BME (phase II), 2nd sample survey report
- 2004
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WHAT GSDMA DID

• Earthquake reconstruction work
• Formulation of Act and policies
• Preparation of DM plans
• Preparedness initiatives
• Capacity building
• Mitigation measures
• Awareness community preparedness

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SOME SALIENT ASPECTS

• A comprehensive reconstruction and rehabilitation
  program
• Progress during the first and second years no
  parallel elsewhere
• Capacity building and information dissemination
• Public-private partnership in a systematic
  manner peoples participation
• Medium and long-term perspective

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• FACTOR LEADING TO SUCCESS
• Creation of a new institutional structure in the
  form of the Gujarat State Disaster Management
  (GSDMA)
• A lean and efficient structure, extremely
  dedicated and committed personnel, professional
  approach and operational flexibility
• Organizational interlinkages and optimal use of
  existing structures
• Involvement of expertise and specialized
  knowledge of institutions and individuals
• Commitment of the government at the highest level

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• MOST INFLUENTIAL POST-DISASTER RECONSTRUCTION
  INITIATIVE
• A strong foundation for national level
  initiatives, e.g.
• Mitigation projects, changes in syllabus
• Capacity building in search rescue
• Disaster Management Act, 2005
• Creation of the National Disaster Management
  Authority
• Community-based disaster preparedness
  initiatives
• Disaster Management Authorities in several States
• Framework for post-disaster reconstruction in the
  context of Asian Tsunami 2004 and Kashmir
  earthquake 2005

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RECOGNITION/AWARDS

• GSDMA awarded The Commonwealth Association for
  Public Administration Management (CAPAM) GOLD
  Award for Innovations in Governance in 2004
• GSDMA was awarded The United Nations Sasakawa
  Award for Disaster Reduction 2003

• GEERP awarded The Green Award by World Bank for
  successfully integrating environmental concerns
  in the Emergency Reconstruction and
  Rehabilitation Program for the year 2001

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THE CAPAM AWARD CITATION

• The massive earthquake rehabilitation and
  reconstruction programme was a paradigm shift
  from the conventional approach of response,
  post-disaster mitigation and preparedness, and
  that each of the various initiatives like an
  owner-driven reconstruction programme, the role
  and involvement of community, the transparency
  and equity procedures, various capacity building
  initiatives taken up during the programme was
  innovation in governance by itself.

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THANK YOU