Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons

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Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons
Juliana G
Brittany P
and
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Outline

• Cyclotrons and Synchrotrons
• History
• Compare to Linear Accelerators
• Schematic Views
• Theory of Circular Accelerators
• Development of Synchrotron
• Advantages over Cyclotron
• Schematic View
• Conclusion
• Future of Synchrotrons
• Applications of Synchrotron Radiation

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History

• Cyclotron conceived by E. Lawrence in 1929
• Ions accelerated using radial magnetic force
• Less voltage needed than in linear accelerators
• More compact
• Synchrocyclotron developed in 1950s
• Relativistic mass increase
• Synchrotron invented soon thereafter
• Varying magnetic field
• Cheaper and Easier

http//www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/
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Linear Accelerator

• Compare to a circular accelerator
• Much higher voltage needed
• Not cost-effective

http//www-nsd.lbl.gov/
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Cyclotron Schematic
Top View Side View
Injected ions
Uniform B-field region
Alternating E-field
Ejected ions
www.hyperphysics.com
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The Cyclotron

• Period is independent of velocity
• Particle steered by magnet
• Moves in larger circles in equal amounts of time
• Gains more more energy
• Accelerates to large energies without large
  voltages
• Energy limits- disk size, B-field strength 100
  MeV

F ma q(vB) mv2/ r For circular orbits, q(vB)
qvB r mv/qB ? v/ r qB/m
?cyclotron frequency f?/2p qB/2pm
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3D View
http//www-nsd.lbl.gov/
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Synchrocyclotron

• An augmented cyclotron
• Particles in cyclotrons gain mass due to
  relativity
• Increases period each revolution
• frequency modulation

http//imglib.lbl.gov/cgi-bin/ImgLib
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Synchrotron
Notice particles travel in a ring, not a disk
universe-review.ca/
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Synchrotrons

• Magnetic field gradually increases as energy
  increases
• Particles accelerated in a ring, not a disk
• Allows for cheaper construction

http//imglib.lbl.gov/cgi-bin/ImgLib
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Conclusion

• The Future of Synchrotrons
• Energies up to 1000 GeV
• Behavior of the nucleus
• The Strong Force
• Quarks
• Matter-antimatter collisions
• Synchrotron Radiation
• Unwanted byproduct
• Applications
• Surface Imaging
• Semiconductor manufacture
• Quicker computer processors

http//www.europhysicsnews.com
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References

• www.hyperphysics.com
• http//www-nsd.lbl.gov/
• http//universe-review.ca/
• http//about-nature.net/synchrotron/
• http//synchrotronsbasic.net
• http//www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/mvigeant/
• http//www.europhysicsnews.com/full/08/article3/
• http//imglib.lbl.gov/cgi-bin/ImgLib