Equine Diseases

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Equine Diseases

• Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis (HYPP)
• Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM)
• Distemper / Strangles
• Tetanus
• Rhinopneumonitis (EHV-1 EHV-4)
• Rabies

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Other Disease Threats

• Equine viral arteritis (EVA)
• A complicated disease, which can result in some
  breeding restrictions and export problems.
• Veterinarian recommendations
• Potomac Horse Fever
• Disease can cause severe diarrhea, severe
  laminitis or founder, and abortion.
• A seasonal problem with geographic factors.
• The mortality rate varies from 5 to 30.
• Veterinarian recommendations.
• Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis (EPM)
• Clinical signs can include weakness, lameness,
  incoordination, inability to move correctly
  (especially in the hindquarters) or to stand up,
  seizures, weight loss, blindness, loss of
  balance, disuse of a single limb, and/or
  inappropriate sweating.
• Lack of treatment can lead to permanent nerve
  damage and death.
• Pigeon Fever
• Pigeon breast, Colorado strangles, dryland
  distemper, false strangles
• Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis abscesses

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Pigeon Fever

• Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis abscesses
• Pigeon breast, Colorado strangles, dryland
  distemper, false strangles
• Disease is sporadic and seasonal (Fall)
• Large swellings on the pectoral muscles, axillary
  region, ventral abdomen, and limbs of horses.
  When affecting limb, termed ulcerative
  lymphangitis
• Most horses do not present systemic
  manifestations, although nodular abscesses over
  the body, abortion, fever, depression, and
  inappetence may occur.
• Eight inch (20 cm) deep abscesses may cause gait
  abnormalities due to pain and/or space occupying
  changes.
• Surface abscesses will rupture spontaneously, but
  deep abscesses will need to be lanced.
• Used to be confined to CA. Now is epidemic in
  western US, especially CO, WY, AZ, UT, ID, KY.
• Prefers the dryland, arid West and is at its
  worst in drought years.
• Clea ruptured sites with 0.1 povidone-iodine
  solution, pack antiseptic gauze into the open
  wound, NSAID drugs (phenylbutazone).
• For internal abscesses, prolonged treatment with
  procaine penicillin G, IM, or trimethoprim-sulfa
  is recommended.

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INTERNAL PARASITES

• ASCARIDS (ROUNDWORMS)
• BOTS (BOTFLY LARVAE GRUBS)
• LARGE STRONGYLES ( BLOODWORMS)
• SMALL STRONGYLES
• OXYURIS )PINWORMS)
• TAPEWORMS
• LUNGWORMS
• WARBLES

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EXTERNAL PARASITES

• FLIES
• STABLE FLIES, HORSE FLIES,DEER
• FLIES,HORN FLIES, BLACK FLIES,
• GNATS, MIDGES, FACE FLIES,
• MOSQUITOES
• HABRONEMIASIS (STABLE FLY / HORSE FLY)
• LICE
• TICKS
• MITES

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DEWORMING PROGRAM

• FEBRUARY FENBENDAZOLE
• APRIL IVERMECTIN
• JUNE MOXIDECTIN
• AUGUST PYRANYEL PAMOATE
• OCTOBER IVERMECTIN
• DECEMBER MOXIDECTIN

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Twilight Cornell - Genome
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TOXIC PLANTS POISONS

• GARDEN FLOWERS, PLANTS, SHRUBS
• BRACKENFERN, COCKLEBUR, DEATH CAMAS, EQUISETUM
  (HORSE TAIL), LOCOWEED, NIGHTSHADE FAMILY,
  RUSSIAN KNAPWEED, YELLOW STAR THISTLE,WILD
  CHERRY, GOLDENROD, LOCUST, RED MAPLE, YEW,
• TALL FESCUE FUNGUS, SUDAN GRASS/SORGHUM
• BLACK PATCH DISEASE ON CLOVER, ERGOT, FUSARIUM
  FUNGUS (CORN),
• BLISTER BEETLES (CANTHARIDIN), MONENSIN
  (RUMENSIN)

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COSTS OF OWNING A HORSE

• PURCHASE COST ???
• FEED COSTS 550
• IMMUNIZATIONS 200
• PARASITE CONTROL 100
• FOOT CARE 240
• VET CARE 200
• EQUIPMENT COSTS 100
• TRUCK / TRAILER ???
• STABLE / BOARD ???
• MINI-PONDEROSA ???

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COSTS OF OWNING A HORSE

• SADDLES / BLANKETS / BRIDLES
• DRIVING HARNESS / CART / BUGGY
• HALTER PARAPHENALIA
• BREEDING / FOALING

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What kind of fence do I want?
USU, Logan, UT
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Woven wire

• Cost
• 1.15-1.30 per foot
• Pros
• Readily available
• Good for sheep add 1 - 2 strands of barbed wire
  at top for cattle
• Cons
• Expensive
• Requires routine
  maintenance

www.farmphoto.com
www.farmphoto.com
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Barbed wire 4 strand

• Cost
• 1.50/ft materials
• 2.50/ft labor
• Pros
• Low cost
• Easy to install
• Fairly low maintenance
• Cons
• Dangerous to people, livestock
• and wildlife
• Not suitable for horses
• Not useful for small animals
• Can be damaged by large wildlife

USU, Logan, UT
www.agry.purdue.edu/ext
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4 to 10 Strand smooth wire

• Cost
• 0.751.30/ ft, depending on number of wires
• Pros
• 4 to 5 strand good for horses
• 10 strand will
• contain all large
• livestock and
• exclude large wildlife
• Durable
• Can be electrified
• Cons
• Expensive
• Requires routine maintenance

www.kiwifence.com
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Jackleg

• Cost
• 2.50/ft
• Pros
• Good in areas where it is hard to dig or drive
  posts
• Visually appealing
• Durable
• Handles heavy snowfall
• Can be adapted to marshy or wet areas
• Low maintenance
• Cons
• High labor and materials costs during
  construction
• UV stability?

NRCS, Bozeman, MT
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Electric ribbon

• Cost
• Vinyl post 4.59
• 1½ inch ribbon .15/ft
• T-posts 6 2.50
• Insulators .15 each
• Pros
• Versatile
• Easy to install and modify
• Can be used to make existing fence more effective
• Easier to see than other types of electric
  fencing
• Cons
• Cost and availability of electricity or solar
  source
• Maintenance
• Not a good choice for a permanent fence

USU, Logan, UT
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Shelter
Motel 7

• Can be simple or elaborate
• Costs vary widely

USU, Logan, UT
The Ritz
USU, Logan, UT
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Equine Emergency Care

• When to call the veterinarian?
• Any uncontrolled bleeding
• Foreign objects protruding from the body (dont
  remove them!)
• Lacerations
• Injury to the eye or eyelids
• Aggressive or unusual behavior
• Neurologic signs (tripping, walking into objects)
  
• Lameness that persists

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Equine Emergency Care

• When to call the veterinarian?
• Mares which are actively in labor for more than
  20 minutes without progress
• Difficulty breathing
• Multiple animals getting sick at once
• When in doubt, call the veterinarian!
• By acting quickly, you can help minimize the
  severity of any equine medical emergency

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Medical Emergencies

• If you own horses, sooner or later you will
  confront a medical emergency
• Several behavioral traits make horses especially
  accident-prone
• their instinctive flight-or-fight response
• their dominance hierarchy -- need to establish
  the pecking order in the herd
• their natural curiosity
• Such behaviors account for many equine cuts,
  bruises, and abrasions
• lacerations are the most common emergency that
  horse owners contend with
• other types of emergencies include colic, foaling
  difficulties, acute lameness, seizures, and
  illness
• As a horse owner, you must know how to recognize
  serious problems
• respond promptly
• take appropriate action while awaiting the
  arrival of your veterinarian

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Signs of Distress

• When a horse is cut or bleeding, it's obvious
  that there is a problem
• Cases of colic, illness, or a more subtle injury,
  may not be as apparent
• Important to know your horse's normal vital signs
• temperature, pulse and respiration (TPR)
• And its normal behavior patterns
• You must be a good observer so that you readily
  recognize signs of ill health or trauma induced
  distress

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What is Normal?

• Be aware that there will be variations in
  individual temperature, pulse and respiration
  values
• Take several baseline measurements when the horse
  is healthy, rested, and relaxed
• Write them down and keep them within easy reach -
  with your first aid kit, so you have them to
  compare to in case of an emergency
• Normal ranges for adult horses are Pulse
  rate 30-42 beats per minute. Respiratory
  rate 12-20 breaths per minute. Rectal
  temperature 99.5' to 101.5 degrees F
• If the horse's temperature exceeds 102.5  
  degrees F, contact your veterinarian immediately
• Temperatures of over 103 degrees F  indicate
  serious disorder.
• Capillary refill time (time it takes for color
  to return to gum tissue adjacent to teeth after
  pressing and releasing with your thumb) 2 seconds

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What is Normal?

• Skin pliability - tested by pinching or folding
  a flap of neck skin and releasing
• It should immediately snap back into place.
  Failure to do so is evidence of dehydration
• Color of the mucous membranes (gums, nostrils,
  conjunctiva and inner lips of vulva should be
  pink
• Bright red, pale pink to white, or bluish-purple
  coloring may indicate problems.
• Color, consistency, and volume of feces and urine
  should be typical of that individual's usual
  excretions
• Straining or failure to excrete should be noted
• Signs of distress, anxiety or discomfort
• Lethargy, depression or a horse that's
  "off-feed."
• Presence or absence of gut sounds
• Evidence of lameness such as head-bobbing,
  reluctance to move, odd stance, pain,  
  unwillingness to rise
• Bleeding, swelling, evidence of pain
• Seizures, paralysis, or "tying up" (form of
  muscle cramps that ranges in severity from mild
  stiffness to life-threatening illness

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First-Aid Kit

• Cotton roll Contact bandage Cling
  wrap Gauze pads, assorted sizes Gauze
  wrap Adhesive wrap and adhesive tape Leg
  wraps Sharp scissors Hemostats Steel cup
  or container Rectal thermometer with string
  and clip attached
• Material that should be sterile).

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First-Aid Kit

• Surgical scrub and antiseptic solution
  Latex gloves Flashlight and spare batteries
  Permanent marker pen Pliers (to pull nails)
  6" diameter PVC tubing cut in half the long way
  (like a gutter) into lengths of 1-1 /2 to 2
  feet (for emergency splinting)

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Emergency Wound care

• The sight of blood may unnerve you, but
  maintaining your presence of mind can save your
  horse's life
• The initial steps you take to treat a wound can
  prevent further damage and speed healing
• How you proceed will depend on your individual
  circumstances, and you must exercise good
  judgment. The following should be viewed as
  guidelines
• 1. Catch and calm the horse to prevent further
  injury
• 2. Move the horse to a stall or other familiar
  surroundings if this is possible without causing
  distress or further injury to the horse (hay.?)
• -- 3. Get help before attempting to treat or
  evaluate a wound
• It can be difficult and dangerous to try to
  inspect or clean the wound
• without someone to help hold the horse

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Emergency Wound care

• 4. Evaluate the location, depth, and severity of
  the wound
• 5. Call your veterinarian for a recommendation
  anytime you feel your horse is in
• need of more care than you can provide
  
•     A. There appears to be excessive bleeding
      B. The entire skin thickness has been
  penetrated    C. The wound occurs near or over a
  joint    D. Any structures underlying the skin
  are visible    E. A puncture has occurred    
  F. A severe wound has occurred in the lower leg
  at or below knee or hock   G. The wound is
  severely contaminated.
• 6. Consult with your veterinarian before
  you attempt to clean the wound or
• remove debris or penetrating objects
• - you may precipitate uncontrollable bleeding
  or do further damage
• - large objects should be stabilized to avoid
  damaging movement if possible - don't put
  anything on the wound except a compress or cold
  water

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Emergency Wound care

• 7. Stop the bleeding by covering the wound
  with a sterile, absorbent pad (not cotton),
• applying firm, steady, even
  pressure to the wound
• 8. Do not medicate or tranquilize the horse
  unless specifically directed by your    
  veterinarian. With severe blood loss or shock,
  certain drugs can be life-threatening
• 9. If the eye is injured, do not attempt to
  treat. Await your veterinarian
• 10. If a horse steps on a nail or other sharp
  object and it remains embedded in the hoof,   
  first clean the hoof. If your veterinarian
  advises, carefully remove the nail to prevent
  the    horse from stepping on it and driving
  it deeper into the hoof cavity. As you remove
  it, be     sure to mark the exact point and
  depth of entry with tape and/or a marker so
  the    veterinarian can assess the extent of
  damage. Apply antiseptic to the wound, and wrap
      to prevent additional contamination
• 11. All horses being treated for lacerations or
  puncture wounds will require a tetanus   
  booster.