The Rise and Fall of Detente

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The Rise and Fall of Detente

• Nixon and the successes of Détente
• Carter and its Collapse

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Richard Nixon
3
Nixon and His Key Foreign Policy Adviser
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Whoops

• Nixon and Henry Kissinger

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Nixon-Kissinger Decision Making

• NSC Process

• RN-HAK Process

President
Nixon
Depts
NSC
Depts
Kissinger
NSC Staff
NSC Staff
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Why Détente?

• Strategic parity
• Sino-Soviet Split
• Viet Nam Syndrome

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Strategic Parity

• Stockpiles

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Soviet LeadersGeneral Secretary of the CPSU

• Nikita Khrushchev Leonid Brezhnev
• 1956-1964 1964-1982

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Sino-Soviet Split

• Tensions over style of Communism
• Soviet reforms vs. Maos hard line
• Leader of Communist world
• Mao vs. Khrushchev
• Prague Spring and Brezhnev Doctrine 1968
• 1969 direct USSR-PRC fighting

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Viet Nam Syndrome

• Nixon recognizes this
• Nixon Doctrine
• Remarks July 25, 1969 (see Q and A)
• Address to the nation, Nov. 3, 1969

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Detente

• Still containment
• New Goal Change USSR behavior
• Old-school Balance of Power

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Détente Policies Mutual Deterrence

• Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
• Interim Agreement on Offensive Arms
• Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

US
USSR
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May 1972 Summit in Moscow
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Détente Policies Triangular Diplomacy

• US
• USSR PRC

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Kissinger to China, July 1971
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Nixon-Mao Summit in China, February 1972

• Shanghai Communique

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China and Taiwan
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Detente Successes

• Management of arms race
• Management of US-Soviet global competition
• Opening to China
• Nixon hailed as a foreign policy genius
• Kissinger wins Nobel Peace Prize

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But Détente is Challenged

• Fall of Nixon
• Ford and Carter face Post-Vietnam foreign policy
  context
• Rise of Ant-Détente Right
• Reagan Supporters

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Ford and Carter Challenged

• The End of the Foreign Policy Consensus
• New Congressional Power
• Viet Nam Syndrome

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End of US Foreign Policy Consensus?

• Truman Doctrine Consensus
• L R
• Post-Viet Nam Polarization

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Congressional Power

• War Powers Resolution 1973 (PL 93-148) (from
  Federation of American Scientists , see Appendix
  3)
• Clark Amendment to Arms Export Control Act 1976

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Viet Nam Syndrome

• http//pewresearch.org/pubs/432/iraq-and-vietnam-a
  -crucial-difference-in-opinion

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Ford Foreign Policy
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Jimmy Carter
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Carter Advisors

• Sec State Cyrus Vance

• NS Adv. Zbigniew Brzezinski

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Vance vs. Brzezinski (by 1978)
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Carter Policies Dovish

• Human Rights
• SALT II

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Carter Policies Hawkish

• MX Missile

• Trident D-5 Missile

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Iranian Revolution

• Shah of Iran
• Mohammed Reza Pahlevi

• Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

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November 4, 1979
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Arc of Crisis
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Carter Gets Tough

• Brzezinskis ideas triumph
• SALT II Dies
• Defense Buildup
• Carter Doctrine
• Rescue Mission
• Vance resigns

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Rescue Mission April 1980
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Carter Approval Ratings
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