APG 2: Modern Plant Taxonomy

1
APG 2 Modern Plant Taxonomy

• This is a revision of plant taxonomy basically
  avoiding the nomenclature of taxonomy and working
  primarily at the level of order and family. It
  stresses cladistic trees rather than levels of
  taxonomy.

2
Evolution of Floral Characters
Plesiomorphic State Character Apomorphic State
floral axis
arrangement of parts
symmetry
number of parts
fusion of parts
perianth size
pollinator
gender
perianth position
ovary position
grouping of flowers
inflorescence organization
elongate spiral radial many free large beetle perf
ect hypogynous superior single all alike
short whorled bilateral reduced fused small wind/s
pec. imperfect epigynous inferior inflorescence di
vision of labor
3
Amborellales Nymphaeales Canellales Laurales Magno
liales Piperales Acorales Alismatales Asparagales
Dioscoreales Liliales Pandanales Arecales Poales C
ommelinales Zingiberales Ranunculales Proteales Gu
nnerales Caryophyllales Santalales Saxifragales Cr
ossomatales Geraniales Celastrales Malpighiales Ox
alidales Fabales Rosales Cucurbitales Fagales Myrt
ales Brassicales Malvales Sapindales Cornales Eric
ales Garryales Gentianales Lamiales Solanales Aqui
foliales Apiales Asterales Dipsacales
Magnoliids
Monocots
Angiosperms
Commelinids
Eudicots
Eurosids I
Core Eudicots
Rosids
Eurosids II
Euasterids I
Asterids
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Version 2
Euasterids II
4
Amborellales Nymphaeales Austrobaileyales Canellal
es Laurales Magnoliales Piperales Acorales Alismat
ales Asparagales Dioscoreales Liliales Pandanales
Arecales Poales Commelinales Zingiberales Ranuncul
ales Proteales Gunnerales Caryophyllales Santalale
s Saxifragales Crossomatales Geraniales Celastrale
s Malpighiales Oxalidales Fabales Rosales Cucurbit
ales Fagales Myrtales Brassicales Malvales Sapinda
les Cornales Ericales Garryales Gentianales Lamial
es Solanales Aquifoliales Apiales Asterales Dipsac
ales
O
Euasterids II
Euasterids I
Eurosids II
Commelinids
Eurosids I
Asterids
Rosids
Core Eudicots
Magnoliids
Monocots
Eudicots
C
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Version 2
Angiosperms
P
Revised from http//www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/
APweb/welcome.html
5
Amborellales 1/1/1 Nymphaeales 3/7/74 Austrobailey
ales 3/5/100 1/4/75 Canellales 2/10/93 Laurales
7/91/2858 Magnoliales 5/154/2929 Piperales
4/17/4090 Acorales 1/1/4 Alismatales
14/166/4490 Asparagales 24/1122/26071 Dioscoreales
5/21/1037 Liliales 11/67/1558 Pandanales
5/36/1345 Arecales 1/189/2361 Poales
17/997/18325 Commelinales 5/68/812 Zingiberales
8/92/2111 Ranunculales 7/199/4445
1/3/100 Proteales 3/82/1610 1/2/2 Gunnerales
2/2/45 3/13/304 Caryophyllales
31/692/11155 Santalales 8/151/985 Saxifragales
16/112/2470 Vitales 1/14/850 Crossomatales
7/12/66 ERII? Geraniales 5/17/836 Celastrales
3/93/1355 2/27/305 Malpighiales
39/716/15935 Oxalidales 6/58/1810 Fabales
4/754/20055 Rosales 9/261/7725 Cucurbitales
8/132/2320 Fagales 8/55/1877 Myrtales
11/380/11027 Brassicales 17/398/4450
1/2/46 Malvales 10/338/6005 Sapindales 9/460/5670
3/5/21 Cornales 7/51/590 Ericales
25/346/11515 Garryales 2/3/18
3/26/159 Gentianales 5/1118/166372/149/2748 Lamia
les 22/1059/23275 Solanales 5/165/4080 Aquifoliale
s 5/21/536 Apiales 7/494/5489 Asterales
11/1649/25790 3/14/80 Dipsacales 7/45/1090
3/3/36
lt1K gt1K gt5K gt10K gt20K
Number of families, genera, species
Euasterids I
Euasterids II
Eurosids II
Commelinids
Eurosids I
Asterids
Rosids
Core Eudicots
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Version 2
Magnoliids
Monocots
Eudicots
6
Number of families, genera, species
Amborellales 1/1/1 Nymphaeales 3/7/74 Austrobailey
ales 3/5/100 1/4/75
Proto-Anthophyta Amborellales Amborellaceae 1 g,
1 spp Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae 2 g, 10
spp Cabombaceae 2 g, 6 spp Nymphaeaceae 3 g, 58
spp Austrobaileyales Austrobaileyaceae 1 g, 2
spp Schisandraceae 3 g, 92 spp Trimeniaceae 2 g,
6 spp
7
New Caledonia
Amborella trichopoda
http//images.livescience.com/images/060519_ambore
lla_04.jpg
http//www.flmnh.ufl.edu/flowerpower/fgpimages/amb
orella_fruit1.jpg
http//www.chlorischile.cl/cursoonline/guia3/ambor
ellaflorfem.jpg
http//www5e.biglobe.ne.jp/lycoris/amborella.jpg
8
http//www.ucalgary.ca/laidlaw/amborella/amborell
a_seed.jpg
http//www.ucalgary.ca/laidlaw/amborella/amb_seed
_fleshy.jpg
http//www.ucalgary.ca/laidlaw/amborella/amborell
a_seedlng_3.jpg
9
Number of families, genera, species
Magnoliids Canellales Canellaceae 5 g, 13
spp Winteraceae 5 g, 80 spp Laurales Calycanthacea
e 5 g, 11 spp Siparunaceae 2 g, 75
spp Gomortegaceae 1 g, 1 spp Atherospermataceae 7
g, 16 spp Monimiaceae 22 g, 200 spp Hernandiaceae
5 g, 55 spp Lauraceae 50 g, 2500
spp Magnoliales Myristicaceae 20 g, 475
spp Magnoliaceae 2 g, 227 spp Degeneriaceae 1 g,
2 spp Himantandraceae 1 g, 2 spp Eupomatiaceae 1
g, 3 spp Annonaceae 129 g, 2220
spp Piperales Hydnoraceae 2 g, 7
spp Aristolochiaceae 6 g, 480 spp Piperaceae 5 g,
3600 spp Saururaceae 4 g, 6 spp
Canellales 2/10/93 Laurales 7/91/2858 Magnoliales
6/154/2929 Piperales 4/17/4090
Magnoliids
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Number of families, genera, species
Acorales 1/1/4 Alismatales 14/166/4490 Asparagales
24/1122/26071 Dioscoreales 5/21/1037 Liliales
11/67/1558 Pandanales 5/36/1345 Arecales
1/189/2361 Poales 17/997/18325 Commelinales
5/68/812 Zingiberales 8/92/2111
Asparagales Orchidaceae 788 g, 19000
spp Boryaceae 2 g, 12 spp Blanfordiaceae 1 g, 4
spp Himantandraceae 1 g, 2 spp Lanariaceae 1 g, 1
spp Asteliaceae 3 g, 36 spp Hypoxidaceae 8 g, 160
spp Isoliriaceae 1 g, 3 spp Tecophilaeaceae 8 g,
23 spp Doryanthaceae 1 g, 2 spp Iridaceae 67 g,
1800 spp Xeronemataceae 1 g, 2 spp Hemerocallidace
ae 19 g, 85 spp Xanthorrhoeaceae 1 g, 30
spp Asphodelaceae 15 g, 785 spp Agapanthaceae 1
g, 9 spp Alliaceae 13 g, 795 spp Amaryllidaceae
59 g, 800 spp Aphyllanthaceae 1 g, 1
spp Themidaceae 12 g, 62 spp Hyacinthaceae 55 g,
850 spp Agavaceae 23 g, 637 spp Laxmanniaceae 14
g, 178 spp Asparagaceae 2 g, 200 spp Ruscaceae 26
g, 475 spp
Monocots Part 1
Acorales Acoraceae 1 g, 4 spp Alismatales Araceae
106 g, 4025 spp Tofieldiaceae 4 g, 27
spp Hydrocharitaceae 18 g, 116 spp Butomaceae 1
g, 1 spp Alismataceae 12 g, 81 spp Limnocharitacea
e 3 g, 7 spp Scheuchzeriaceae 1 g, 1
spp Aponogetonaceae 1 g, 43 spp Juncaginaceae 4
g, 15 spp Posidoniaceae 1 g, 9 spp Ruppiaceae 1
g, 5 spp Cymodoceaceae 5 g, 16 spp Zosteraceae 2
g, 14 spp Potamogetonaceae 7 g, 102 spp
Commelinids
Monocots
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Osmophores release scent as alternate attractant
Sometimes the scent is the reward A behavioral
reward!
18
Darwin described an orchid, Angraecum
sesquipedale from Madagascar with an 11.5-inch
nectar spur! He predicted that there would be a
pollinating animal with 11.5-in mouthparts to
drink the nectar, but never found the
animal. Much later (1903), Xanthopan morgani
predicta, its pollinator was found with an
11.5-inch siphon!
http//perso.wanadoo.fr/cryptozoo/dossiers/xanthop
an.jpg
19
http//www.orchid-rhoen.de/Bitmaps/3420Ophrys20i
nsectifera.jpg
http//ibelgique.ifrance.com/ophrys/insc1.jpg
http//guenther.blaich.bei.t-online.de/argoins.htm
Ophrys insectifera with pollinator Argogorytes
mystaceus
Bergstrm, G. (1978) Role of volatile chemicals
in Ophrys-pollinator interactions In Biochemical
Aspects of Plant and Animal Coevolution (J. B.
Harborne, ed.), Academic Press, London.
20
An illustration and accompanying photographs show
how the agile Chinese orchid Holcoglossum
amesianum pollinates itself.
http//news.nationalgeographic.com/news/bigphotos/
images/060621-orchid-sex_big.jpg
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Number of families, genera, species
Dioscoreales Nartheciaceae 4 g, 41 spp Taccaceae
1 g, 12 spp Thismiaceae 4 g, 31 spp Burmanniaceae
9 g, 95 spp Dioscoreaceae 3 g, 805
spp Liliales Corsiaceae 3 g, 30
spp Campynemataceae 2 g, 4 spp Petermanniaceae 1
g, 1 spp Colchicaceae 15 g, 245
spp Alstroemeriaceae 3 g, 165 spp Luzuriagaceae 2
g, 5 spp Melanthiaceae 16 g, 170 spp Philesiaceae
2 g, 2 spp Rhipogonaceae 1 g, 6 spp Smilacaceae 2
g, 315 spp Liliaceae 16 g, 635 spp Pandanales Vell
oziaceae 9 g, 240 spp Triuridaceae 8 g, 48
spp Stemonaceae 4 g, 27 spp Pandanaceae 3 g, 885
spp Cyclanthaceae 12 g, 225 spp
Acorales 1/1/4 Alismatales 14/166/4490 Asparagales
24/1122/26071 Dioscoreales 5/21/1037 Liliales
11/67/1558 Pandanales 5/36/1345 Arecales
1/189/2361 Poales 17/997/18325 Commelinales
5/68/812 Zingiberales 8/92/2111
Monocots Part 2
Commelinids
Monocots
26
Hovering Birds and Sequence!
27
Number of families, genera, species
Acorales 1/1/4 Alismatales 14/166/4490 Asparagales
24/1122/26071 Dioscoreales 5/21/1037 Liliales
11/67/1558 Pandanales 5/36/1345 Arecales
2/193/2377 Poales 17/997/18325 Commelinales
5/68/812 Zingiberales 8/92/2111
Monocots Commelinids
Arecales Dasypogonaceae 4 g, 16 spp Arecaceae 189
g, 2361 spp Poales Sparganiaceae 1 g, 14
spp Typhaceae 1 g, 11 spp Bromeliaceae 57 g, 1400
spp Rapateaceae 16 g, 94 spp Thurniaceae 2 g, 4
spp Juncaceae 7 g, 430 spp Cyperaceae 98 g, 4350
spp Myacaceae 1 g, 7 spp Eriocaulaceae 10 g, 1160
spp Xyridaceae 5 g, 260 spp Anarthriaceae 3 g, 11
spp Centrolepidaceae 3 g, 35 spp Restionaceae 58
g, 520 spp Flagellariaceae 1 g, 4
spp Joinvilleaceae 1 g, 2 spp Ecdeiocoleaceae 2
g, 3 spp Poaceae 668 g, 10025 spp
Commelinales Commelinaceae 40 g, 652
spp Hanguanaceae 1 g, 6 spp Philydraceae 4 g, 5
spp Haemodoraceae 14 g, 116 spp Pontederiaceae 9
g, 33 spp Zingiberales Musaceae 2 g, 35
spp Heliconiaceae 1 g, 150 spp Strelitziaceae 3
g, 7 spp Lowiaceae 1 g, 15 spp Cannaceae 1 g, 19
spp Marantaceae 31 g, 550 spp Costaceae 4 g, 110
spp Zingiberaceae 49 g, 1175 spp
Commelinids
Monocots
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Wind Pollination Corn (Zea mays)
29
Male flowers in the tassel
Huge numbers of small, dry pollen grains, shed
from high on plant. Perianth small, greenish, no
nectar
30
Female flowers in ear
Long, sticky, hairy stigmas silk
31
Dilleniales Dilleniaceae 10 g, 300
spp Caryophyllales Droseraceae 3 g, 115
spp Nepenthaceae 1 g, 90 spp Drosophyllaceae 1 g,
1 spp Ancistrocladaceae 1 g, 12
spp Dioncophyllaceae 3 g, 3 spp Frankeniaceae 1
g, 90 spp Tamaricaceae 5 g, 90 spp Plumbaginaceae
27 g, 836 spp Polygonaceae 43 g, 1100
spp Rhabdodendraceae 1 g, 3 spp Simmondsiaceae 1
g, 1 spp Asteropeiaceae 1 g, 8 spp Physenaceae 1
g, 2 spp Carophyllaceae 86 g, 2200
spp Achatocarpaceae 3 g, 7 spp Amaranthaceae 174
g, 2050 spp Stegnospermataceae 1 g, 3
spp Limeaceae 2 g, 23 spp Barbeuiaceae 1 g, 1
spp Aizoaceae 123 g, 2020 spp Sarcobataceae 1 g,
2 spp Phytolaccaceae 18 g, 65 spp Nyctaginaceae
30 g, 395 spp Molluginaceae 9 g, 87
spp Halophytaceae 1 g, 1 spp Didereaceae 7 g, 16
spp Basellaceae 4 g, 19 spp Portulacaceae 1 g, 70
spp Cactaceae 100 g, 1500 spp
Number of families, genera, species
Ceratophyllales Ceratophyllaceae 1 g, 2
spp Ranunculales Eupteleaceae 1 g, 2
spp Papaveraceae 44 g, 760 spp Circaeasteraceae 2
g, 2 spp Lardizabalaceae 9 g, 36
spp Menispermaceae 70 g, 420 spp Berberidaceae 14
g, 701 spp Ranunculaceae 62 g, 2525
spp Sabiales Sabiaceae 3 g, 100
spp Proteales Nelumbonaceae 1 g, 2
spp Plantanaceae 1 g, 10 spp Proteaceae 80 g,
1600 spp Rapateaceae 16 g, 94 spp Thurniaceae 2
g, 4 spp Trochodendrales Trochodendraceae 2 g, 2
spp Buxales Didymelaceae 1 g, 2 spp Buxaceae 4 g,
70 spp Gunnerales Gunneraceae 1 g, 45
spp Myrothamnaceae 1 g, 2 spp Berberidopsidales Ae
xtoxicaceae 1 g, 1 spp Berberidopsidaceae 2 g, 3
spp
Ranunculales 7/199/4445 1/3/100 Proteales
3/82/1610 1/2/2 Gunnerales 2/2/45
3/13/304 Caryophyllales 31/692/11155 Santalales
8/151/985 Saxifragales 16/112/2470 Vitales
1/14/850
Core Eudicots
Eudicots
Eudicots
32
Ranunculus - buttercup
33
Dianthus caryophyllus - carnation
34
Santalales Erythropalaceae 13 g, 65 spp Olacaceae
14 g, 103 spp Misodendraceae 1 g, 11
spp Schoepfiaceae 3 g, 55 spp Loranthaceae 68 g,
950 spp Opiliaceae 10g, 72 spp Santalaceae 44 g,
935 spp Balanophoraceae 7 g, 50
spp Saxifragales Peridiscaceae 3 g, 9
spp Paeoniaceae 1 g, 33 spp Alingiaceae 1 g, 13
spp Hamamelidaceae 27 g, 82 spp Cercidiphyllaceae
1 g, 2 spp Daphniphyllaceae 1 g, 10
spp Crassulaceae 34 g, 1370 spp Aphanopetalaceae
1 g, 2 spp Tetracarpaeaceae 1 g, 1
spp Penthoraceae 1 g, 2 spp Haloragaceae 8 g, 145
spp Iteaceae 2 g, 18 spp Pterostemonaceae 1 g, 3
spp Grossulariaceae 1 g, 10 spp Saxifragaceae 33
g, 540 spp Cynomoriaceae 1 g, 2
spp Vitales Vitaceae 14 g, 850 spp
Number of families, genera, species
Ranunculales 7/199/4445 1/3/100 Proteales
3/82/1610 1/2/2 Gunnerales 2/2/45
3/13/304 Caryophyllales 31/692/11155 Santalales
8/151/985 Saxifragales 16/112/2470 Vitales
1/14/850
Core Eudicots
Eudicots
Eudicots Part 2
35
Crassula argentea - the jade plant
36
Fragaria - Strawberry
Origin Aggregate Fruit
http//www.preschooleducation.com/postcard/pic/str
awberry202.gif
37
Malpighiales (continued) Goupiaceae 1 g, 2
spp Lophopyxidaceae 1 g, 1 spp Putranjivaceae 3
g, 210 spp Erythroxylaceae 4 g, 240
spp Rhizophoraceae 16 g, 149 spp Linaceae 11 g,
300 spp Ixonanthaceae 5 g, 21 spp Ctenolophonaceae
1 g, 3 spp Centroplacaceae 1 g, 1
spp Humiriaceae 8 g, 50 spp Pandaceae 3 g, 15
spp Irvingiaceae 3 g, 10 spp Clusiaceae 27 g,
1050 spp Bonnetiaceae 3 g, 35 spp Hypericaceae 9
g, 560 spp Podostemaceae 48 g, 270
spp Malpighiaceae 68 g, 1250 spp Elatinaceae 2 g,
35 spp Ochnaceae 27 g, 495 spp Medusagynaceae 1
g, 1 spp Quiinaceae 4 g, 55 spp Rafflesiaceae 3
g, 20 spp Euphorbiaceae 222 g, 5970
spp Phyllanthaceae 56 g, 1745 spp Picrodendraceae
27 g, 85 spp Balanopaceae 1 g, 9 spp Trigoniaceae
5 g, 28 spp Dichapetalaceae 3 g, 165
spp Chrysobalanaceae 17 g, 460 spp Euphroniaceae
1 g, 2 spp Caryocaraceae 2 g, 21 spp
Number of families, genera, species
Crossosomatales 7/12/66 ERII? Geraniales
5/17/836 Celastrales 3/93/1355
2/27/305 Malpighiales 39/716/15935 Oxalidales
6/58/1810 Fabales 4/754/20055 Rosales
9/261/7725 Cucurbitales 8/132/2320 Fagales
8/55/1877
Crossomatales Staphyleaceae 2 g, 45
spp Guamatelaceae 1 g, 1 spp Stachyuraceae 1 g, 8
spp Crossosomataceae 4 g, 12 spp Aphloiaceae 1 g,
1 spp Geissolomataceae 1 g, 1 spp Strasburgeriacea
e 2 g, 2 spp Gerianiales Geraniaceae 7 g, 805
spp Melianthaceae 3 g, 11 spp Francoaceae 2 g, 2
spp Vivianaceae 4 g, 6 spp Ledocarpaceae 3 g, 12
spp Zygophyllales Krameriaceae 1 g, 18
spp Zygophyllaceae 22 g, 285 spp
Celastrales Lepidobotryaceae 2 g, 3
spp Parnassiaceae 2 g, 51 spp Celastraceae 89 g,
1300 spp Huaceae 2 g, 3 spp
Eurosids I
Rosids
Malpighiales Achariaceae 30 g, 145 spp Violaceae
20 g, 800 spp Salicaceae 55 g, 1010
spp Lacistemataceae 2 g, 14 spp Turneraceae 10 g,
205 spp Malesherbiaceae 1 g, 24
spp Passifloraceae 17 g, 575 spp
Core Eudicots
Eurosids I
38
Asclepias - milkweed
39
Both Kapok and Milkweed have a fruit that splits
along one side a follicle.
40
Number of families, genera, species
Crossosomatales 7/12/66 ERII? Geraniales
5/17/836 Celastrales 3/93/1355
2/27/305 Malpighiales 39/716/15935 Oxalidales
6/58/1810 Fabales 4/754/20055 Rosales
9/261/7725 Cucurbitales 8/132/2320 Fagales
8/55/1877
Oxalidales Connaraceae 12 g, 180 spp Oxalidaceae
6 g, 770 spp Cunoniaceae 26 g, 280
spp Brunelliaceae 1 g, 55 spp Cephalotaceae 1 g,
1 spp Elaeocarpaceae 12 g, 625 spp Fabales Quillaj
aceae 1 g, 3 spp Fabaceae 730 g, 19400
spp Surianaceae 5 g, 8 spp Polygalaceae 21 g, 940
spp Rosales Rosaceae 90 g, 2520 spp Barbeyaceae 1
g, 1 spp Dirachmaceae 1 g, 2 spp Rhamnaceae 50
g, 900 spp Elaeagnaceae 3 g, 45 spp Ulmaceae 6 g,
35 spp Cannabaceae 11 g, 170 spp Moraceae 38 g,
1100 spp Urticaceae 54 g, 2625 spp
Cucurbitales Anisophylleaceae 4 g, 34
spp Corynocarpaceae 1 g, 6 spp Coriariaceae 1 g,
5 spp Cucurbitaceae 188 g, 845 spp Tetramelaceae
2 g, 2 spp Datiscaceae 1 g, 2 spp Begoniaceae 2
g, 1401 spp Apodanthaceae 3 g, 23 spp Fagales
Nothofagaceae 1 g, 35 spp Fagaceae 7 g, 670
spp Myricaceae 3 g, 57 spp Juglandaceae 9 g, 50
spp Rhoipteleaceae 1 g, 1 spp Casuarinaceae 4 g,
95 spp Ticodendraceae 1 g, 1 spp Betulaceae 6 g,
110 spp
Eurosids I
Rosids
Core Eudicots
Eurosids I Part 2
41
This is the floss flower, silk tree, pink mimosa
(many common names!) known botanically as
Albizzia
The leaves are simple or compound?
compound
The leaves are pinnate or palmate?
pinnate
Notice there is more than one level of
compounding! This makes for easy fall raking!
42
The stem supports a display of flowers
Cercis canadensis - redbud
43
Here are two fruits, dry at maturity, and
splitting along both sides of the fruit to shed
seeds.
This makes the fruits legumes. The examples shown
are lentil (left) and redbud (below).
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Rosa floribunda - rose
45
Are the flowers perfect or imperfect?
Is the pistil simple or compound?
Is the ovary inferior or superior?
Is the flower epigynous or hypogynous?
accessory
This is the true fruit. What is the rest of the
tissue?
Is the placenta axile, radial, or parietal?
This is a seed or an ovule?
What is this stalk?
funiculus
46
Number of families, genera, species
Myrtales Combretaceae 14 g, 500 spp Onagraceae 18
g, 650 spp Lythraceae 31 g, 620 spp Vochtsiaceae
7 g, 190 spp Myrtaceae 131 g, 4625
spp Melastomataceae 188 g, 500 spp Crypteroniaceae
3g, 10 spp Alzateaceae 1 g, 2 spp Rhynchocalycace
ae 1g, 1 spp Penaeceae 7 g, 20 spp Oliniaceae 1
g, 5 spp Brassicales Akaniaceae 2 g, 2
spp Tropaeolaceae 1 g, 95 spp Moringaceae 1 g, 12
spp Caricaceae 5 g, 34 spp Setchellanthaceae 1 g,
1 spp Limnanthaceae 1 g, 8 spp Koeberliniaceae 1
g, 1 spp Bataceae 1 g, 2 spp Salvadoraceae 3 g,
11 spp Emblingiaceae 1 g, 1 spp Pentadiplandraceae
1 g, 1 spp Gyrostemonaceae 5 g, 18
spp Resedaceae 6 g, 75 spp Tovariaceae 1 g, 2
spp Capparaceae 16 g, 480 spp Cleomaceae 10 g,
300 spp Brassicaceae 338 g, 3710 spp
Malvales Neuradaceae 3 g, 10 spp Thymelaeaceae 50
g, 891 spp Sphaerosepalaceae 2 g, 18 spp Bixaceae
4 g, 21 spp Cistaceae 8 g, 175 spp Sarcolaenaceae
8 g, 60 spp Dipterocarpaceae 17 g, 680
spp Cytinaceae 2 g, 10 spp Muntingaceae 3 g, 3
spp Malvaceae 243 g, 4225 spp Sapindales
Biebersteiniaceae 1 g, 5 spp Nitrariaceae 3 g,
16 spp Kirkiaceae 2 g, 6 spp Anacardiaceae 70 g,
985 spp Burseraceae 18 g, 550 spp Sapindaceae 135
g, 1580 spp Rutaceae 161 g, 1815 spp Meliaceae 52
g, 621 spp Simaroubaceae 19 g, 95
spp Huerteales Tapisciaceae 2 g, 5
spp Gerrardinaceae 1 g, 2 spp Dipentodontaceae 1
g, 1 spp
Myrtales 11/380/11027 Brassicales 17/398/4450
1/2/46 Malvales 10/338/6005 Sapindales 9/460/5670
3/5/21
Eurosids II
Rosids
Core Eudicots
Eurosids II
47
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
48
Cornales 7/51/590 Ericales 25/346/11515 Garryales
2/3/18 3/26/159 Gentianales 5/1118/166372/149/2
748 Lamiales 22/1059/23275 Solanales
5/165/4080 Aquifoliales 5/21/536 Apiales
7/494/5489 Asterales 11/1649/25790
3/14/80 Dipsacales 7/45/1090 3/3/36
Cornales Cornaceae 2 g, 85 spp Nyssaceae 5 g, 22
spp Hydrangeaceae 17 g, 190 spp Losaceae 14 g,
265 spp Hydrostachyaceae 1 g, 20 spp Grubbiaceae
1 g, 3 spp Curtisiaceae 1 g, 2 spp Huerteales Tapi
sciaceae 2 g, 5 spp Gerrardinaceae 1 g, 2
spp Dipentodontaceae 1 g, 1 spp
Ericales Balsaminaceae 2 g, 1000
spp Marcgraviaceae 7 g, 130 spp Tetrameristaceae
3 g, 5 spp Polemoniaceae 18 g, 385
spp Fouquieraceae 1 g, 11 spp Lecythidaceae 25 g,
310 spp Sladeniaceae 2 g, 3 spp Pentaphylacaceae
12 g, 337 spp Sapotaceae 53 g, 975 spp Ebenaceae
5 g, 548 spp Maesaceae 1 g, 150
spp Theophrastaceae 5 g, 105 spp Primulaceae 9 g,
900 spp Myrsinaceae 41 g, 1435 spp Mitrastemonacea
e 1 g, 1 spp Theaceae 7 g, 330 spp Symplocaceae 1
g, 320 spp Styracaceae 11 g, 160
spp Diapensiaceae 6 g, 18 spp Sarracenniaceae 3
g, 15 spp Actinidiaceae 3 g, 355 spp Roridulaceae
1 g, 2 spp Clethraceae 2 g, 76 spp Cyrillaceae 2
g, 2 spp Ericaceae 126 g, 3995 spp
Euasterids II
Euasterids I
Asterids
Core Eudicots
Protoasterids
49
Cornus kousa Korean Dogwood
bract
a multiple fruit
a fleshy fruit!
at least partly accessory fruit
50
http//www.tropicamente.it/immagini20sito/CATALOG
O/T/Theobroma20cacao.jpg
http//www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/db50/FOTO_-_Archiv
/Theobroma20cacao202.jpg
Theobroma cacao
http//www.mytho-fleurs.com/images/fleurs_tropical
es/theobroma_cacao_fleurs.JPG
The ground-up interior of the seeds is used to
make chocolate (after mixing with sugar and milk
solids)
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Cornales 7/51/590 Ericales 25/346/11515 Garryales
2/3/18 3/26/159 Gentianales 5/1118/166372/149/2
748 Lamiales 22/1059/23275 Solanales
5/165/4080 Aquifoliales 5/21/536 Apiales
7/494/5489 Asterales 11/1649/25790
3/14/80 Dipsacales 7/45/1090 3/3/36
Garryales Garryaceae 2 g, 17 spp Eucommiaceae 1
g, 1 spp Boraginales? Boraginaceae 148 g, 2740
spp Vahliaceae 1 g, 8 spp Gentianales Rubiaceae
600 g, gt10,000 spp Gentianaceae 87 g, 1650
spp Loganiaceae 13 g, 420 spp Gelsemiaceae 3 g,
12 spp Apocynaceae 415 g, 4555 spp
Lamiales Plocospermataceae 1 g, 1
spp Carlemanniaceae 2 g, 5 spp Oleaceae 24 g, 615
spp Tetrachondraceae 2 g, 3 spp Calceolariaceae 3
g, 200 spp Gesneriaceae 147 g, 3870
spp Pedaliaceae 13 g, 75 spp Martyniaceae 5 g, 16
spp Stilbaceae 11 g, 39 spp Plantaginaceae 47 g,
1350 spp Linderniaceae 6 g, 170 spp Begnoniaceae
110 g, 800 spp Verbenaceae 30 g, 1100
spp Lamiaceae 236 g, 7173 spp Schlegeliaceae 4 g,
25 spp Phrymaceae 19 g, 234 spp Acanthaceae 229
g, 3500 spp Scrophulariaceae 65 g, 1700
spp Orobanchaceae 99 g, 2061 spp Paulowniaceae 1
g, 6 spp Byblidaceae 1 g, 6 spp Lentibulariaceae
3 g, 320 spp
Euasterids II
Euasterids I
Solanales Montiniaceae 3 g, 5 spp Sphenocleaceae
1 g, 2 spp Hydroleaceae 1 g, 12
spp Convolvulaceae 57 g, 1600 spp Solanaceae 102
g, 2460 spp
Asterids
Core Eudicots
Euasterids I
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The stem does photosynthesis
and stores water.
Opuntia-prickly pear
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Coffee fruits mature unevenly and so are
hand-pickedby Juan Valdez? This leads to a
social dilemmato buy or to boycott or?
Coffea arabica - coffee
Coffee originated in tropical Africa, but most of
the crop is now grown in the South American
tropics. Why?
What South American native is produced mostly in
Africa?
Chocolate
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This plant also has a velvety-soft hairy
epidermis, but is sticky and smelly.
The leaf protects itself with a potent
neurotoxin nicotine sulfate.
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) is grown in central
Connecticut under cheesecloth to make large-area
leaves for cigar wrappers.
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This is a plant known as Verbascum thapsis
(common mullein) surrounded by Daucus carota
(Queen Annes lace, wild carrot, etc.).
These are common roadside plants nationwidethe
tall flower stalks of Verbascum tell you where
they areand that is good to know!
Another common name for Verbascum is Native
American Charmin!
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Cornales 7/51/590 Ericales 25/346/11515 Garryales
2/3/18 3/26/159 Gentianales 5/1118/166372/149/2
748 Lamiales 22/1059/23275 Solanales
5/165/4080 Aquifoliales 5/21/536 Apiales
7/494/5489 Asterales 11/1649/25790
3/14/80 Dipsacales 7/45/1090 3/3/36
Aquifoliales Cardiopteridaceae 5 g, 43
spp Stemonuraceae 12 g, 80 spp Aquifoliaceae 1 g,
405 spp Phyllonomaceae 1 g, 4 spp Hellwingiaceae
1 g, 3 spp Bruniales? Bruniaceae 12 g, 75
spp Columelliaceae 1 g, 4 spp Desfontainiaceae 1
g, 1 spp Apiales Pennantiaceae 1 g, 4
spp Torricelliaceae 3 g, 10 spp Griseliniaceae 1
g, 6 spp Pittosporaceae 9 g, 200
spp Myodocarpaceae 3 g, 19 spp Apiaceae 434 g,
3780 spp Paracryphiaceae 1 g, 1 spp Quintiniaceae
1 g, 25 spp Sphenostemonaceae 1 g, 10 spp
Asterales Rousseaoidaceae 4 g, 13
spp Campanulaceae 84 g, 2380 spp Pentaphragmatacea
e 1 g, 30 spp Alseuosmiaceae 5 g, 10
spp Phellinaceae 1 g, 12 spp Argophyllaceae 2 g,
17 spp Stylidiaceae 6 g, 245 spp Menyanthaceae 5
g, 40 spp Goodeniaceae 12 g, 440 spp Calyceraceae
6 g, 60 spp Asteraceae 1620 g, 22750
spp Polyosmaceae 1 g, 60 spp Escalloniaceae 8 g,
68 spp Dipsacales Adoxaceae 5 g, 200
spp Diervillaceae 2 g, 16 spp Caprifoliaceae 5 g,
220 spp Linneaceae 5 g, 36 spp Morinaceae 2 g, 13
spp Dipsacaceae 11 g, 290 spp Valerianaceae 17 g,
315 spp Medusandraceae 1 g, 2 spp
Euasterids II
Euasterids I
Asterids
Core Eudicots
Euasterids II
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Gaillardia grandiflora - Indian blanket flower
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Nectar Guides
Nice scent too!