Chapter 14: Nutrition During Adulthood

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Chapter 14 Nutrition During Adulthood
2
Diet for Adult Years (Fig. 14-10)
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Stages of Adulthood

• Young Adulthood (18-40 yrs)
• Educational pursuits
• Occupation
• Family
• Middle Adulthood (41-65)
• Financial and occupational stability, decreased
  family responsibility,
  more leisure time
• Older Adulthood (gt65)
• Absence of occupation
• Ample leisure time

4
Young Adult
Similar to Adolescence Weight Gain Begins Women
and Effects of Pregnancy
5
Middle Adulthood

• Women and hormonal changes
• Effects of lifestyle choices
• Hypokinetic Conditions

6
Older Adulthood

• 15 of population
• Lifespan increasing
• Quality of Life

7
Life Expectancy

• 73 years for men
• 80 years for women
• If you reach 80, you will more than likely live
  another 7-9 more years
• Japan has the highest life expectancy (82 women,
  76 men)
• The 85 group is the fastest growing segment

8
Graying of America

• Currently 15 of the population is 65 years or
  older
• Accounts for 25 of all prescription medications
  used
• 40 of acute care hospital stays
• 50 of the federal health budget
• Of this group, 85 have nutrition-related problems

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Fountain of Youth?

• Spartan energy intake
• Aerobic and strength-training exercise
• Estrogen replacement therapy in women
• Experimental medical therapies

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Effects of Aging

• Decreased appetite
• Decrease the sense of taste and smell
• Poor dental health
• Decrease sensation for thirst
• Constipation
• Less stomach acid production

11
Organ Functions Decrease With Age

• Liver
• Alcohol-related sickness
• Detoxification hindered
• Gallbladder
• Gallstones
• Less bile production
• Decrease fat absorption

12
Organ Functions Decrease With Age

• Pancreas
• High blood glucose
• Less insulin produced
• Kidney
• Loss of nephrons
• Decrease ability to excrete waste

13
Decrease in Lean Tissue

• Shrinking of muscle cells
• Decrease basal metabolism
• Increase physical activity recommended

14
Increase Fat Stores

• Result of overeating and lack of physical
  activity
• Obesity cause high blood pressure
• Obesity cause high blood glucose

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Decline in Cardiovascular Health

• Lack of physical activity
• Decline in cardiac output
• Prevalence of heart attacks and strokes
• Recommend a low fat diet to decrease plaque
  formation
• Monitor blood cholesterol, HDL, LDL
• Control blood pressure
• Importance of vitamins B-6, B-12 and folate and
  homocysteine

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Balance diet restrictions with quality of life
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Bone Health

• Bone loss leads to osteoporosis
• Need for adequate calcium and vitamin D intake
  throughout life
• Weight bearing exercise
• Estrogen therapy for women

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Medications

• Two-thirds of all elderly take prescription
• May interact with nutrients
• May affect appetite
• May increase loss of nutrient

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What To Eat

• 2300 kcal for males 1900 kcal for females
• Lower fat and sugar intake
• Lean meats for protein, zinc and vitamin B-6
• Six to eight cups of fluids a day
• High fiber

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Benefits of Good Nutrition

• Delays onset of some diseases
• Improves current condition
• Improves quality of life
• More independence

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Obesity and Diabetes

• Obesity
• defined gt20 over ideal weight
• Associated with Morbidity and Mortality
• Strong link between Obesity and
• CVD
• Diabetes
• Stroke
• Hypertension

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Etiology of Obesity

• Kcals In vs Kcals Out
• Genetics
• Physiological Dysfunction
• Cultural Factors
• Psychological Factors

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Appropriate Weight

• Determined by
• Ht/Wt Tables
• Body Composition Testing
• Female gt30, Male gt25 BF
• BMI

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Measurement

• BF
• Obese Normal Range
• Males gt25 15-18
• Females gt30 18-22
• BMI
• gt25 Obese

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Body Shapes

• Gynoid
• Android
• Endomorph
• Ectomorph
• Mesomorph

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Creeping Obesity

• Restrict caloric intake below MR needs
• Lose 10 - 5 of water
• 3 of fat
• 2 of lean tissue
• Go off diet and gain weight back
• 5 of water
• 5 of fat
• Now have less LBM hence MR is lower so. . .

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Diabetes

• Hyperglycemia - high blood sugar
• Hypoglycemia - low blood sugar, lack of CHO
• Type I - Juvenile Onset
• begins childhood age 8-20s genetic link no
  insulin
• injections needed
• Type II - Non-Insulin Dependent DM

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Complications of Diabetes

• CVD
• Kidney Disease
• Blindness
• Nerve Damage
• Amputations