Pakistan

1
Pakistan

• Recent history and politics
• By
• Jan-Mathieu Donnier (12.2005)

2
Historical summary

• Geography

Capital Islamabad (previously Karachi ?58)

• Borders
• China 523 km
• Afghanistan 2430 km
• Iran 909 km
• India 2912 km
• Coastline 1046 km
• Total 7820 km

3
Historical summary

• Timeline 1/3

Separatists victory at Bengali elections
1st military regime by Ayub.
1st war over Kashmir 47-48
2nd India-Pakistan war over Kashmir
Partition
Jinnah dies sept. 48
New constitution Presidental powaAa!
2nd military regime by Yahya
1947
1948

1962
1965
1969
1970
1958
Martial law.
Martial law. Islamabad is created.
Soonafter canceled. Riots in East Pakistan.
No winner. Loss of US support.
4
Historical summary

• Timeline 2/3

USSR invades Afghanistan
Zias plane crashes
Bhutto access power (?77)
Bhutto is removed.
India-Pakistan war
Gal. Zia ul-Haq seize power (?88)
Pressler Amendment

1979
1985
1988
1971
1972
1977
US support. Pak. support of Jihad in Afgh.
New Constit. New economic Policy.
Became authoritarian.
US ambassador and Top officers are dead.
Indian supports EP. Independance of Bengladesh.
Martial law. Promotion of Islam.
No more US support. A-Bomb in Pakistan
E.P. East Pakistan
5
Historical summary

• Timeline 3/3

Bhutto is dismissed
Sharif elected
Sharif resign.
Elections Bhutto wins
Nuke Test
1996
1988
1998
1993
1990

Sharif wins the 97 elections.
Bhutto takes his position.
after Bhutto was fired.
Choice between Bhutto (daughter) and Sharif
(PjbPak.Musl.Leag).
6
Recent History

• Politics

• Political situation
• Sharif feels more and more unsafe. Tries to oust
  Musharraf (M.).
• On october 12, 1999, Chief of Army Staff and
  Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee,
  General Pervez Musharraf carries a military
  takeover. Constitution is suspended, but martial
  law is NOT enforced, nor parties are banned, nor
  press is censured. M. tries to seduce the
  International Community.
• 12 may 2000 The Supreme Court gives executive
  and legislative power to M. His regime is
  legitimated for the next 3 years. Then hell have
  to hold elections (2002).
• On june 20, 2001 he proclaims himself President
  and extend his rights. Soon after the Supreme
  Court (Sharia Court) confirmed this appointment.
• Following 9/11 attacks, M. is under high pressure
  and has to stop supporting the Talibans in
  Afghanistan.

7
Recent History

• Politics

• Political situation
• Late 2001 and 2002 India concentrated troops
  along the Kashmir border, following the terrorist
  attacks on its parliament. Peak 1000000
  soldiers (75 India, 25 Pak.)
• 30 april 2002 A referendum confirms M as the
  president for 5 more years (2007).
• Early 2004 M, internally, is at his lowest
  capability His support for the US war in
  Afghanistan cut him from his population and
  religious parties are threatening him
  (politically and physically) 14 december 03
  Assassination attempt by a 250kg bomb, disposed
  on a bridge.
• 2004 Dr. A.Q. Khan admits he sold nuclear
  technology and material to several countries,
  including North Korea, Syria, Lybia and Iran.
  Soon after he is granted pardon by M.

8
Pakistan Today

• Population

• Ethnical Groups
• Total population of about 150 millions.
• Punjabi (dominant group in the administration and
  the army)
• Sindhi
• Pashtun (Pathan)
• Baloch
• Muhajir (means refugee, fled from India,
  considered as the creators of Pakistan)

• Religious division
• Pakistan also means Land of the Pure .
• Muslim 97
• Sunni 77
• Shiite 20
• Christian, Hindu, and other 3

9
Pakistan Today

• Politics

• Most influential groups
• Military apparatus (mostly dominated by
  Punjabis).
• Ulémas (religious leaders).
• Landowners
• Various (merchants, regional activists,
  separatists).

• Major allied powers
• USA (Military and economic aid)
• China
• North Korea (in military technologies)
• United Arab Emirates (commercial ties)

10
Pakistan Today

• Politics

• Ongoing tensions
• Balouchistan South-western part of the country,
  struggling for independance.
• North-West Frontier Province Tribal area.
  Incursions by the Pakistani army (helping the US
  on its side of the border) led to armed
  skirmishes
• Kashmir Conflicts with India over this region is
  reluctant (47, 65, tensions).

11
Pakistan Today

• Military

• Military apparatus in figures
• Three branches Army, Navy, Air Force.
• Military ruled the country more than 28 years out
  of 55 years of independance
• Budget per year 3.848 billion (2004), it equals
  4.9 (2004) of the GDP.
• There are approximatively 620000 military
  personnel.
• Experts estimate Pakistan is currently having 75
  nuclear bombs. Exact yields are not know but are
  suspected to range from 9kt to 20kt (officially
  18kt to 40kt).

12
Pakistan Today

• Conclusion

• We can assume that Pakistan is a
• Young country.
• Holding a strategic position (large sea access,
  harbours, infrastructures)
• Troubled by military implications in the
  political field.
• Strong enough to fight large-scale war.
• Possessing Strategic arsenal (and proliferating
  this technology).
• Divided country where identities are forcefully
  expressed.
• Mostly ruled by one ethnical group (Punjabis).
• And therefore
• Never held a stable democracy.
• Is permanently threatened.
• Sees alliances as a way to stabilize its domestic
  situation and its status worldwide
• Regarding those aspects, the War on Terror is a
  chance not to be missed.

Thanks for your attention
13
Sources

• Class readings.
• http//www.pondichery.com/french/actualites/kashmi
  r/
• http//www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/index
  .html
• http//www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/
  pk.html
• Presentation will be available on
• http//www.globalvision.ch/HEI