Responsible aquaculture management practices

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Responsible aquaculture management practices

• Aquamarkets, Manila
• 2nd-6th June 2003
• Michael Phillips, NACA

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Aquaculture for food

• Human populations on the increase
• Capture fisheries production is limited
• Aquatic meat is still a cheap protein in many
  countries
• Need to feed people
• Aquaculture is essential to contribute to
  demand-supply gap!
• Globally fastest growing food production sector

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Growing attention on aquaculture

• Media, lobby groups, civil society organizations
• Consumer awareness and preferences
• Human health concerns
• Environmental issues
• Social concerns and equity
• Export oriented production for affluent societies
• Equitability of income and poverty alleviation
  from export oriented aquaculture

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Food quality and safety concerns

• BSE, FMD, human health concerns
• EU and USA regulations
• No avian or mammalian material in livestock feed
• Restrictions on feeding material from same
  species
• Veterinary drugs and anti-microbials
• Livestock, aquaculture
• Chemical use in aquaculture
• Human health repercussions

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International rules and obligations

• WTO, SPS agreement
• Human health
• Animal health
• Doha Trade and development
• Fisheries given special attention
• FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
• Convention on Biological Diversity
• CITES
• National rules, bilateral agreements
• Labeling for EU, US markets

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Responsible aquaculture management and markets

• Traditionally, the only concern was product
  quality and (post-harvest) food safety
• Now, increasing recognition of the importance of
  the food production process
• Therefore, growing emphasis on the importance of
  responsible aquaculture management practices
• Increasingly important to implement and have
  systems in place that effectively communicate and
  assure

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Consortium program on Shrimp farming and the
environment

• To analyse and share experiences on better
  management of shrimp aquaculture in coastal
  areas
• Main partners are the World Bank, NACA, WWF and
  FAO.
• Government, private sector and NGOs participated
  in activities, totaling over 100 researchers in
  20 countries
• Funding - Bank-Netherlands partnership, AVINA and
  MacArthur Foundation, FAO, in-kind support
  substantial
• 1999 -2002

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Consortium program objectives

• Better understanding of key issues
• Encourage debate, discussion and consensus around
  these issues
• Identify better management practices (BMPs)
• Evaluate cost, benefits and barriers for adoption
  of BMPs
• Strategies to support implementation of BMPs
• Special attention being given to social issues,
  employment and poverty

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Consortium program structure

• Comprises 35 complementary case studies on
  different aspects of shrimp aquaculture
• Over 100 researchers, 20 countries
• Case studies on specific topics in
• Asia
• Africa and the Middle East
• Latin America
• Thematic reviews (studies of a global nature)
• Studies involve wide range of stakeholders and
  consultations
• Terms of Reference and study reports circulated
  for public discussion

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Outcome of the consortium work
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Issues to be addressed through better management

• Shrimp farm siting and its impacts on habitats
• Shrimp farm design and construction
• Water use, quality, and effluent discharge
• Shrimp PLs and wild broodstock/PL collection
• Responsible use of chemicals, food quality and
  safety
• Feed and feed management
• Effluent and solid waste management
• Shrimp health management
• Employment and social impacts
• Shrimp culture, rural development and poverty
  alleviation
• For each of these, the consortium work has
  identified worse and better practices.
• On farm economic costs and benefits assessed

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Reducing impacts on water resources

• Better practice
• Minimize release of nutrients and organic matter
• Reduced water exchange
• Economic benefits
• Reduced energy costs
• Reduce disease risk

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Feed and feed management

• Better practice
• Use of high quality feeds, efficient use of fish
  meal
• Feed monitoring
• Feeding according to demand
• Low FCR
• Economic benefits
• Substantial increase in profitability

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Major findings

• Impacts can be managed
• Farm level (mostly)
• Local area, national levels
• Key better management practices can lead to more
  profitable farming
• Issue is providing incentives, and support for
  implementation
• Such results provide a basis for international
  agreement on BMP principles (including possibly
  certification systems)

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Improvements in shrimp production examples from
extensive farms in India
Shrimp crop production (kg.ha-1)
Kg/Ha
Ponds
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Challenges ahead

• Much known about better management practice
• Implementation is a key factor
• Market access moving towards product
  trace-ability and certification of responsible
  practices
• Farm to table (or farm to fork) approach
• EU/US mandatory requirements for labeling
• Aquaculture product certification
• Transformation of the sector is a challenge
• Large numbers of small-scale farmers!
• Low investment, low input systems
• Creating effective cooperation to support
  responsible farm management practices
• Providing supporting policy, legal, institutional
  framework
• Participatory process towards agreeing
  responsible practice?

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Kandleru Creek, AP, India FCC 432 IRS-1C
LISS-III (20/02/01 )
Muttukuru
Road
Bk canal
Kattuvapali
SP
Open scrub (RF)
Kr port
Sand bar
M
Cr mouth
M
Pattapupalem
Legend Kr Krisnapatnam M Mangrove SP Salt
Pan SF Shrimp farm BK Buckingham CR
Creek RF Reserve Forest
M
Venkatareddipalem
Bk canal
SF
Bay of Bengal
Mn
SF
SF
Momidi
Varagali
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Better farmer organization is a way forward

• Local groups/clubs can form the base of the
  market chain
• An example from India
• Self-made rules and regulations
• Dont use antibiotics
• How to provide such progressive farming groups
  business incentives through market access?
• Empowering producers?

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Importance of partnerships

• Farmer-farmer
• Farmer groups have significant opportunities for
  local organization and self-help
• Farmer groups can be a building block for product
  supply
• Farmer-farmer communication networks (complements
  limited extension)
• Farmer-input suppliers
• Farmers to hatcheries, nurseries (chemical
  salesmen!), investors (in sustainable practice)
• Farmer-buyer-processor-exporters-importers-consume
  rs
• Partnership along the market chain (for
  trace-ability) and also to reward and support
  market access for farmers adopting better
  practice
• Public-private
• Regulations and incentives that support better
  management
• Support to communication and awareness building
• Inter and intra-regional cooperation
• Harmonization of SPS measures (for trade,
  aquaculture chemicals)
• Participation of stakeholders in standard setting
  (eg WTO, certification)

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Addressing the challenge

• Responsible aquaculture management practice will
  be a basic requirement for market access
• Implementing better management practice
  represents an opportunity to address problems,
  improve the sectors image, promote the sectors
  development
• Certification, and trace-ability of product will
  be required
• However, the transition in the sector will not be
  easy.
• Fair trade schemes that support sectors
  development, and small-scale farming sector are
  required
• Better understanding of mechanisms and support
  required
• Support to development of credible certification
  systems will be required
• Increased stakeholder participation,
  transparency, harmonized approach, more bottom up
  approach
• Need for harmonized, transparent, credible
  standards
• Better partnerships

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• For more information
• www.enaca.org/shrimp

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Thank you!