19th Century

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19th Century
A g e o f I s m ' s
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What is the Concept Depicted?
Nationalism
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The Age of Nationalism
Into the Ancient 20th Century
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Organizing Ideas

• How Was Nationalism a
• Force that UNITED People?
• How Was Nationalism a
• Force that DIVIDED People?
• Compare/Contrast the
• Unification of Italy Germany
• Effects Positive? Negative?

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Some Key Terms

• Nationality?
• State?
• Nation-State?
• Subject Nationality?
• Ethnic Group?

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How Is Nationalism Fostered?

• Education
• Rapid Comm/Trans
• Special Events
• Like

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Background

• What Was the Congress of Vienna?
• Its Guiding Principles?
• How to Solve Problems?
• What Caused Problems?

• Liberalism
• Nationalism

• How Were These Impacted by the
• Industrial Revolution?
• Were the Isms Suppressed?

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Cracks in the Metternich System?

• 1829 - Greece Given Independence
• 1830s - Serbia, Belgium
• 1830s - France Deposed Charles X
• 1830s and 1840s Discontent
• 1840s Europe Ready to Explode!
• 1848 - Year of Revolution!

• Why?
• Significance?
• What Was the Root Cause of
• Them All?

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Revolutions of the 1830s and of 1848
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Some Highlights

• Austria Ousted Metternich
• The Pope Refused to Support
• G. Mazzinis Roman Republic
• France Turned to
• Another Bonaparte

• Louis Napoleon
• 1852 Plebiscite
• Napoleon III
• Second Empire

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• by 1850
• Movements Crushed
• Butnot the Causes

What Killed the Metternich System
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The Crimean War
(1853-1856)
Causes?

• Russian Desire for a
• Warm Water Port
• Their Actions?
• The Response?

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Dardanelles
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Effects

• Treaty of Paris
• Russia Forced to
• Withdraw
• Black Sea - Neutral
• End of Metternich System!
• Nationalism?

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Nationalism as an Integrating Force
Italy and Germany
What Ingredients Would Be Necessary for
Unification to Occur?
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I t a l y
What Factors Hindered Unification? What Factors
Were Conducive to Unification?
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• Napoleons Role?
• Congress of Vienna?
• Young Italy
• Risorgimento
• 1848 Efforts?
• Unification

• Who?
• How?
• Impact?

• Cause-Effect
• Handout

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You Guessed ItThis Cant Be Good
How Was Italy Unified?
Write an Intro Paragraph
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Review

• Why All Those Rebellions in 1848?
• What Happened to Them?
• What Was the Crimean War?
• What Did Russia Want? Why?
• What Was the Wars Significance?
• Where Did Nationalism First Change
• the Status Quo of Europe?
• How Did Napoleon Affect Italy?
• What Was the Risorgimento?
• What Was Young Italy?
• Who Led It?

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• Crushed in 48

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How, Then, Would Italy Be Unified?

• Nationalisms Impact
• Strong Nucleus
• Diplomacy/Wars
• Leadership

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Garibaldi
Cavour
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• Realpolitik

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Initial Steps

• Build a Nucleus (Sardinia)
• Domestic Reforms
• Find Strong Friends
• France and Prussia
• 1859 War with Austria
• Napoleon?
• Plebiscites
• 1860 - N. Italy Unified

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1860
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Garibaldis Red Shirts in Action
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What Is Garibaldi Doing?
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Victor Emmanuel II
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Final Steps

• 1866 - Allied with Prussia
• in the Seven Weeks War
• Gained Venetia
• 1870 - Completed During the
• Franco-Prussian War
• 1871 - Rome Joined, Italy United
• However, Problems Remained

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Problems
Political

• Weak Monarchy
• Corruption
• Little Democracy
• Pseudo-Govts
• Anarchy Popular

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Economic

• North Industrial
• South Agricultural
• Debt, Taxes
• Poverty

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Social

• 22 Million Population
• North and South Too
• Different
• The Rome Question
• 1871 Vatican State
• CreatedBut

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1860 - WWI

• 5 Million Left Italy
• 3rd Best Military in Europe
• Unification Upset the
• Balance of Power!
• Extreme Nationalism
• Imperialism
• Stay Tuned

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Review

• What Destroyed the Metternich
• System?
• What State Served as the Nucleus
• for Italian Unification?
• What Was the Risorgimento?
• Who Led the Young Italy Movement?
• Who Was the Prime Minister Who
• Sought Italian Unification?
• What Type of Politics Did He Use?

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• What Land Did Italy Get as a Result
• of Its War with Austria?
• What Land Did France Get?
• What Were the Plebiscites of 1860?
• Who Added S. Italy to N. Italy?
• Who Was Italys First Ruler?
• How Was Rome Added?
• What Kind of Govt for Italy?
• What Kind of Economy?
• What Did Italy Do about the Roman
• Question?

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G e r m a n y

• Factors that
• Hindered Unity?
• Conducive to It?

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Napoleons Role? C. of Vienna? Had a Language A
Volkgeist
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Getting Started

• Napoleons Influence?
• Prussias Role in Nap. Wars
• Congress of Vienna?
• Established the Zollverein
• (by Prussian Junkers)
• 1848s Impact

• Frankfurt Assembly
• What Kind of Germany?

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There is only one salvationone state under the
Hohenzollern dynasty Heinrich von
Treitschke

• 1861 William I
• 1862 Appointed Bismarck
• Chancellor

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Otto von Bismarck

• A Conservative
• Iron Chancellor
• How to Unite?
• Realpolitik
• Iron and Blood

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Steps in Unification

• Overcoming Opposition
• Whose Toes Must He Step On?
• Austria, France, Russia
• 1864 - Danish War

• Allied with Austria
• Over in 3 Months
• Got Schleswig and Holstein
• What Next?
• Provoke Austria!

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• How to Provoke Fr.?

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1871
The German Empire (Reich) Was Born
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Proclamation at Versailles
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After Unification?
Political

• New Constitution
• Federation of 25 States
• 2-House Legislature
• Bundesrat, Reichstag
• Looked Liberal, But
• Very Autocratic

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Economic

• Supported Industrialization
• Improved Infrastructure
• High Protective Tariffs
• Supported Forming Cartels
• Won Over Big Business
• Workers Social Dem. Party
• Created a Welfare State
• Stole Socialists Thunder

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Social

• 41 Million Population
• Kulturkampf
• Catholic Center Party
• 1878 Abandoned It
• More United than Italy

Bismarck Created a United, Strong NationWhat
Next?
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• 1888
• Didnt Want to Be
• Overshadowed
• 1890

Wilhelm II
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R e v i e w Q u i z

• Two Sheets of Paper
• Number 1-30 on One
• Side ONLY

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On the Back
Draw Two Big Circles
Brainstorm All You Know about Italy Terms and
People
Brainstorm All You Know about Germany Terms and
People
Find 5 Common Categories
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In-Class Essay (50 Points)
Compare Nation-Building in Italy and Germany.
Were They More Alike or Different?

• Good Intro/Strong Thesis
• Three Diverse Categories
• 3 Body Paragraphs
• Lots of Capital Letters

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Nationalism as a Disintegrating Force
Eastern Europe
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Russia
Austria
Ottoman Empire
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• How Did Eastern Europe Differ
• from Western Europe?
• What Did Austria, Russia, and
• the Ottoman Empire Have in
• Common?
• Politically?
• Economically?
• Socially?

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The Austrian Empire
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Ethnic Groups in the Empire
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The Specifics

• Multinational StateBut What
• Did Ethnic Minorities Want?
• Hungary, Bohemia
• Austrias Role in C. of Vienna?
• 1848 Revolutions?
• Louis Kossuth and Francis Deak
• Wars with Italy, Prussia?
• 1867 Ausgleich (Compromise)
• Dual Empire Created

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• Austria-Hungarian Empire
• Each Had Own Flag, Language,
• Constitution
• One Ministry of Finance, One
• Foreign Affairs Ministry
• Same Ruler
• King of Hungary
• Emperor of Austria
• Francis Joseph

A-H Had Lots of Problems
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Growth of the Empire
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The Russian Empire
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Nicholas I
Alexander I
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The Specifics

• Also Very Fragmented
• Very Autocratic, Still Feudal
• Role in Napoleonic Wars?
• Congress of Vienna?
• Beyond

• Alexander I a Tyrant
• Nicholas I Russification
• (One Tsar, One Church, One
• Language (Pan-Slavism)
• Fought the Crimean War

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• A Westernizer
• A Reformer
• 1861 Emancipation
• Edict
• However

Alexander II
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• Reforms Brought Problems
• Intellectuals, Socialists, the
• Bolsheviks, Nihilists, Peoples
• Will - Anarchists
• Assassinated in 1881 (on the
• Day He Agreed to a Duma
• Alexander III a Reactionary
• 1894 Nicholas II

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Assassination of Alexander II
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• Problems
• Russo-Japanese War
• 1905 Revolution

Nicholas II
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• Jan. 22
• Bloody Sunday
• Oct. Manifesto
• Est. the Duma
• But

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The Ottoman Empire
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The Specifics

• 40 Million People, But
• Sick Man of Europe
• 1876 Abdul Hamid II
• A Reactionary, a Tyrant
• Young Turks Movement
• 1877 Russo-Turkish War
• Treaty of San Stefano
• Congress of Berlin (1878)
• Dismemberment Began
• Hot Spot the Balkans

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Balkans
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• 1908 Balkan League
• Balkan Wars in 1912 and 1913
• Powder Keg of Europe

Stay Tuned...
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In-Class Essay (50 Points)
Compare Nation-Building in Italy and Germany.
Were They More Alike or Different?

• Good Intro/Strong Thesis
• Three Diverse Categories
• 3 Body Paragraphs
• Lots of Capital Letters

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Essay Work

• Setting?
• Terms to Define?
• Possible Categories?
• Scoring?

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Evaluating Essays

• Using the Criteria Sheets
• Score the Essay You Receive
• 2. Be Fair, But Firm
• 3. Determine the Score You
• Would Give the Essay
• 4. In the Space at the Bottom,
• Write Why You Gave It

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5. When You Get Your Essay Back, Use the
Same Procedure 6. On the Back of the Sheet, Tell
Me Why You Agree or Disagree with the
Grade You Received from Your Classroom
Peer 7. Ill Be the Final Judge!
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Review

• Where Was Nationalism a
• Disintegrating Force?
• Who Became Austrias Emperor
• in 1848?
• Why Did Austria Agree to the
• Ausgleich?
• What Was the Dual Monarchy?
• Which Russian Tsar Launched a
• Russification Program?

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• Which Tsar Began Westernization?
• What Was the Emancipation Edict?
• Who Were the Bolsheviks?
• The Nihilists?
• The Peoples Will?
• What Was the Russo-Japanese War?
• The 1905 Revolution?
• The October Manifesto?
• Why Was the Ottoman Empire
• Called the Sick Man of Europe?
• Where Was the Powder Keg?
• Why?

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Nationalism Elsewhere...
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Western Europe

• Great Britain
• France
• Already Strong Nations
• Advanced Liberalism

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G r e a t B r i t a i n
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The Victorian Age (Q. Victoria)
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Great Britain

• Already Strong
• Nationalism
• Liberalism
• Charterism
• Reform Bills
• Evolutionary
• Democracy
• Activist PMs

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Great Britain
William Gladstone (Liberal)
Benjamin Disraeli (Conservative)
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• By Centurys End Labour Party
• Lots of Accommodating
• GB Strong at Home
• What Might Happen When
• Nationalism Hit Brs Colonies?
• What Would GB Have to Do?
• One Problem Area

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The Irish Problem

• The Problem?
• The Solution?
• Home Rule

Elsewhere?
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GB Would Adopt a "Dominion System"
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France

• After Napoleon I?
• Louis XVIII and Charles X
• Louis-Philippe Sec. Rep.
• Napoleon III Sec. Empire
• After the Franco-Prussian War?

• Third Republic
• Shaky Govt, But
• People Retained Rights

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• Lots of Problems
• Governments
• Came and Went
• Scandals
• Dreyfus Affair

• Divided France!
• Many Questioned
• Frances Future
• Stay Tuned

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Western Hemisphere

• Latin America
• United States
• Canada

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Latin America

• Background
• Impact of the
• Enlightenment,
• the Fr. Rev.?
• Independence
• Movements
• Brazil?
• Portuguese
• Royal Family
• Moved There
• Elsewhere?

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Fr. Haiti
Toussaint LOuverture
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South America
Jose de San Martín (Peru)
Simon Bolívar (Venezuela)
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Mexico

• Led by Priests Like
• Father Hidalgo and
• Jose Morelos

• An Empire
• Finally, a Republic

Hidalgo
Morelos
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All of Latin America Would Experience "Growing
Pains" and...
The Presence of the United States
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American Nationalism

• After Adopting the Constitution?
• Some Growing Pains Ourselves
• What Were the Characteristics
• of American Nationalism?

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Key Factors(Promoting Nationalism)

• Louisiana Purchase
• War of 1812
• Industrial Growth
• Continued Expansion
• But

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Key Battles of the War of 1812

• What Had Caused
• the War?
• Impact?

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The U.S. Industrial Revolution
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• Nationalism Was Undermined by
• Sectionalism
• North?
• South?
• West?
• A Volatile Mix!

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Nationalism Gone Bad
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The Civil War

• Causes?
• Effects?
• Reconstruction Era
• Second Ind. Rev.
• Gilded Age
• Progressive Era
• U.S. Imperialism
• Role in World War I

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Even Here, Eh?
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Specifics

• Explored, Settled by French
• French and Indian War (AKA?)
• Fr. and Br. Canada
• 1840 Act of Union
• 1867 Dominion of Canada
• Modernized, but Problems Still

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Impact of Nationalism?
The Positives?
The Negatives?
The Positives?
The Negatives?
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Get Out a Sheet of Paper
Make a Hot Dog Fold
People
Terms
1815-1848 Italy/Germany Eastern Europe Western
Europe W. Hemisphere (LA, USA, Can.)
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This Time Really Study for the Quiz... and the
Test!!