Shutter Speed

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• Shutter Speed
• Depth of Field
• Lenses
• Using Film

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Shutter Operation
Mirror Up Shutter Closed
Mirror Down Shutter Closed
Mirror Down Shutter Closed
Mirror Up Shutter Opens Closes
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Fast shutter speed

• freeze the action

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Slow Shutter Speeds

• Blurred subjects emphasize motion

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Controlling the B L U R
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http//prenhall.com/london/
Chapter 2/ Demonstration/ Shutter Speed
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Panning, tilting, zooming during an
exposure creates intentional blur.
Panning
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Unintentional blur is caused by an unsteady
camera. Camera Shake
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Shutter Operation
Mirror Up Shutter Closed
Mirror Down Shutter Closed
Mirror Down Shutter Closed
Mirror Up Shutter Opens Closes
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B is for Bulb
Shutter remains open as long as trigger is held
down.
thumb screw on cable release
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the long exposure disappearing act
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Boulevard du Temple
Louis Daguerre, 1839
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Recap
Blur Camera shake Pan Tilt Zoom Hand held Cable
release Bulb
the long exposure disappearing act
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Depth of Field
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Depth of Field
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Deep Depth of Field
Robert Capa
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Ansel Adams
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Shallow Depth of Field
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Depth of Field

• 3 variables
• f/stop (aperture)
• distance to plane of focus
• focal length of lens

To illustrate the concept, two variables are kept
constant.
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Depth of Field
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Variable 1 - f/stop
As the aperture gets smaller the depth of field
grows larger.
f16 f11 f8 f5.6 f4 f2.8
Plane of Focus
focal length and distance are constant
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Remember that a pinhole focuses the entire image
- from the very surface of the camera to
infinity.
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Variable 2 - plane of focus
As the lens is focused on a subject farther
away, the depth of field expands.
focused on near coin
focused on far coin
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Variable 2 - plane of focus
As the lens is focused on a subject farther
away, the depth of field expands.
focal length and f/stop are constant
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Variable 3 - focal length of lens
Long telephoto Lens
1.3cm
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Variable 3 - focal length of lens
Short wide Lens
5 cm
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Maximizing Depth of Field DoF extends
farther behind a focused subject than in front of
it. The DoF behind the plane of focus is
approximately twice that in front.
Camera was focused a third of the way along the
bike
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Depth of Field
corrected diagram
X
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Aperture

• Allows you to be creative
• f/16 - deep depth of field,
• f/2.8 - shallow dof, background out of focus.
• Predictable Results

f/16
f/2.8
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Camera Simulation
Demonstration of proper exposure shutter
speed aperture depth of field blur camera shake
SimCam
start with 1/500 _at_ f/2.8
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The lens determines how much of thescene
is in the shot.
Angle of View
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Normal Lens Wide Angle Lens
Angle of View
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Normal Angle Lens Wide
Angle Lens
Angle of View
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Lenses
Telephoto Normal Wide Angle Fisheye Zoom
refer to the Angle of View
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Angle of View
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Lenses
250mm 50mm 28mm 8mm 28-70mm
refer to Focal Length
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Focal Length is the distance between the lens
and the point where the light rays converge.
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normal
Based on 35mm film
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The lens determines Angle of View
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The lens determines Angle of View affects
our sense of Perspective
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perspective
a sense of space
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perspective
a sense of space
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Exaggerated perspective
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Flattened perspective
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compressed
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The lens determines Angle of View affects
our sense of Perspective
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The lens determines Angle of View affects
our sense of Perspective affects the Depth of
Field
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?

• distorted
• very deep
• ultra wide

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?

• distorted
• perspective
• very deep
• depth of field
• ultra wide
• angle of view

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fish eye lens
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The maximum aperture of a lens is its speed.
Lens Speed
faster
f/1.2 f/2
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Variable focal length 28 - 90 mm
Diameter of lens for filters. 58mm
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14 5.6 f / 4 5.6 28mm - 90mm
Maximum f/stop starts at f/4 when zoom is at
28mm ends at f/5.6 when zoom is at 90mm
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Effective aperture
starts at f/4 when zoom is at 28mm
becomes f/5.6 when zoom is at 90mm light has
lost intensity
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starts at f/2.8 when zoom is at 7.8mm
becomes f/4.9 when zoom is at 23.4mm
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A lens minimum focusing distance determines how
close you can get to the subject.
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Focus Range
Macro - 1in to infinity Wide - 1ft to
infinity Norm - 2ft to infinity Tele - 3ft to
infinity
Moving camera into red zone will defocus the
subject.
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Some additional words on Lenses Keep it clean
fog it and wipe it g e n t l y. Special lens
tissue is ok. If using a chamois (soft hide
cloth) - change it often. Apply liquid cleaner
to cloth - not directly on lens! Cap the lens
when not in use. Get a UV filter to protect
the front element.
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Hand Holding Your Camera

• General rule
• The minimum shutter speed to hand hold a camera
  If lens is 60mm - minimum 1/60 sec
• If lens is 250mm - minimum 1/250 sec
• If lens is 600mm - minimum 1/600 sec
• 
  etc, etc.
• If you have to shoot below these speeds, use a
  tripod (monopod, ledge, etc.) to prevent camera
  shake.
• Use timer, cable release
• or a remote trigger to
• prevent camera shake.

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Protection
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Protection
Dust, Sand, Smoke, Water.
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Protection
Dust, Sand, Smoke, Water.
Condensation
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Protection
Dust, Sand, Smoke, Water.
Condensation Extreme Temps Freezing / Heat
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Which is shot using a telephoto lens?
B
A
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True or False
To get this enormous depth of field, the
aperture must have been very small.
Ansel Adams
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Which shutter speed was faster?
Moon Rise Ansel Adams, 1941
Hindenburg Explodes Sam Shere, 1937
B
A
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Which has a greater depth of field?
Edward Weston, 1937
Dorothea Lange, 1933
B
A
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The camera was closer to which woodchuck?
B
A
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Which is shot using a telephoto lens?
B
A
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Which is shot using a telephoto lens?
B
A
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True or False
To get this enormous depth of field, the
aperture must have been very small.
Ansel Adams
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True or False
To get this enormous depth of field, the
aperture must have been very small.
Ansel Adams
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Which shutter speed was faster?
Moon Rise Ansel Adams, 1941
Hindenburg Explodes Sam Shere, 1937
B
A
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Which shutter speed was faster?
Moon Rise Ansel Adams, 1941
Hindenburg Explodes Sam Shere, 1937
B
A
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Which has a greater depth of field?
Edward Weston, 1937
Dorothea Lange, 1933
B
A
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Which has a greater depth of field?
Edward Weston, 1937
Dorothea Lange, 1933
B
A
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The camera was closer to which woodchuck?
B
A
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The camera was closer to which woodchuck?
B
A
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5 questions
0 wrong A 1 wrong B 2 wrong C 3 wrong D 4
wrong - WAKE-UP!!! 5 wrong - Notify next of kin.
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Shooting Film?
Color print film. Or/ For black and white Ilford
XP2 Kodak BW400CN Film
Shoot 1 roll of 36 per assignment. Try to shoot
the entire roll. Ask for process only and
transfer to CD, no prints.
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Two types of film Print film (negative) wide
latitude for making decent prints from
under/over-exposed negatives. Slide film
(transparencies, chrome) narrow latitude /- ½
stop.
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Lois Greenfield
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Lois Greenfield
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Lois Greenfield
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Jacques-Henri Lartigue 1910
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Jacques-Henri Lartigue 1913
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Focal plane shutter
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Focal plane shutter
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Focal plane shutter
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Focal plane shutter
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Focal plane shutter
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Focal plane shutter
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Focal plane shutter
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Focal plane shutter
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Focal plane shutter
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Focal plane shutter
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Focal plane shutter
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Focal plane shutter
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Focal plane shutter
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Focal plane shutter
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Focal plane shutter
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Focal plane shutter
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Focal plane shutter
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scanner
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Jacques-Henri Lartigue 1904
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Jacques-Henri Lartigue 1904
self-portrait
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Panorama Camera circa 1912
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Panorama Camera circa 1912
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Panorama Camera circa 1912
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Panorama Camera circa 1912
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Panorama Camera circa 1912
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Panorama Camera circa 1912
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Panorama Camera circa 1912
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Assignment Motion Pictures Use the ideas of
freezing and/or intentional blur to good
effect. 36 .jpgs
Paul Shukin
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Wide Angle Lens

• wide angle of view
• exaggerated
• perspective
• deep dof

28mm
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Wide Angle Lens

• wide angle of view
• exaggerated
• perspective
• deep dof

28mm
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Normal Lens
normal perspective dof
55mm
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Telephoto Lens

• narrow angle of view
• flat perspective
• shallow dof

100mm
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Ultra telephoto Lens
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• very flat
• very shallow
• very narrow

210mm
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Ultra telephoto Lens
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• very flat
• perspective
• very shallow
• depth of field
• very narrow
• angle of view

210mm
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