Sudans Civil War

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Sudans Civil War
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Roots of Conflict

• Civil war created when the Egyptians Brits left
  the country in the hands of Arabized (Muslim)
  Sudanese in 1956
• Physical North/South Division see map
• North industrialized, Arabized Sudanese
  (Muslim)
• South agricultural, Black/traditional Sudanese
  (primarily Christian)
• Government bias favors the north denies the
  south
• Conflict over resources water OIL
• National Geographics Shattered Sudan

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Who is Involved?

• Sudanese Government Military
• Janjaweed - (Devils on Horseback)
• government sponsored Arab militia
• SPLA - Sudan Peoples Liberation Army/Movement
• Southern Sudan, secular organization (militia
  political party)
• Formed in 1983 to oppose the Arab Sudanese
  government
• Seeks to establish a democratic Sudan
• JEM- Justice Equality Movement
• Islamic based organization in Darfur
• Formed in 2001 in opposition to government abuse
  in Darfur
• Advocate a democratic, federal system that ends
  the social, economic, and political injustice
  exercised by the central government

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Crisis in Darfur

• Genocide in Action

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Darfur, Western Sudan

• Target of the genocide

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Understanding Darfur

• Drought, desertification, and overpopulation
• Most of Darfur is agricultural land
• Arab herders and black African farmers competing
  for resources
• Herders moving further south seeking water
• Desertification has caused depletion of water
  sources in the north

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CONFLICT BEGINS

• February 2003 rebel groups (JEM SPLA) attack
  government forces in western Sudan claiming that
  the Khartoum has neglected Darfur
• Government-backed militias (the Janjaweed)
  quickly moved against civilians in the region
• Over half of the villages in Darfur have been
  burned to the ground
• Rape is widely used as a weapon of war with women
  and girls when they go out of the camps to look
  for firewood or fuel
• Violence is ethnically based with the Arab
  Janjaweed fighting against the Black villagers
• Not religiously based as nearly everyone is
  Muslim

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Results of the Genocide

• DEATH
• Over 400,000 people have been killed as a result
  of the violence in Darfur
• Some estimates are closer to 500,000
• REFUGEE CAMPS
• Over 2.5 million people have been displaced
  within Darfur and over 230,000 people are living
  in refugee camps in Chad
• FAMINE
• In November 2006, the World Food Program said
  that 3.7 million people of the total 6 million
  people in Darfur need food aid

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International Response

• Former Secretary of State Colin Powell declares
  that Darfur is a GENOCIDE
• The UN has been unwilling to use the term
  Genocide
• A 05 report by UN investigators claims that
  Sudan's government has "orchestrated and
  participated in" war crimes and crimes against
  humanity in Darfur,
• Sanctions have been unsuccessful
• China buys LOTS of oil from Sudan
• Russia developed oil industry in Sudan and
  sells Khartoum weapons
• UN Peacekeepers team up with AU troops in 2007
• As of December 2008, UNAMID has deployed 15,136
  total uniformed personnel
• Peacekeepers allowed to use force to protect
  civilians and humanitarian operations

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UN Takes action?

• April 2007 ICC judges issued arrest warrants
  against the former Minister of State for the
  Interior and a Militia Janjaweed leader for
  crimes against humanity and war crimes.
• The Sudanese Government said that the ICC had no
  jurisdiction to try Sudanese citizens and that it
  would not hand the two men over to authorities in
  the Hague.
• July 2008 The International Criminal Court
  filed ten charges of war crimes against Sudan's
  President Omar al-Bashir,
• March 2009 - ICC calls for the arrest of
  al-Bashir
• al-Bashir rejects the ICC jurisdiction in Sudan
  and says he will not turn himself into the Hague