China

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Bracknell, Berkshire Hi-Tech industry
Sweden Dependency
West European Maritime
East European Continental Interior
Han Region
Home Farm (EU), W Midlands Farming Systems
China Population Management
Philippines Intensive Rice Farming
Bangalore LEDC Land Use
Mexico International migration
Birth Rates India Spain
Papua New Guinea Rainforest Exploitation
Nigeria - Dependency
Brazil TNC (Fiat)
Core Units The Physical World The Human
World The Economic World The Natural World
Reading MEDC Land Use
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Walton-on-the Naze Coastal Management
The Broads Damage by Agriculture in an MEDC
Reading MEDC Land Use Improvements
Donana National Park, Spain Ecological disaster
Cairo, Egypt Managing Urban Areas
(environmental issues)
Mississippi 1993 flood management
Oil Extraction in the Amazonian Rainforest Ecuador
Optional Units Managing the Environment Managing
Urban Areas
São Paulo Managing Rapid Population Growth
Sahel Region Desertification
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Population Case Studies

• India
• 1930 original date of family planning policy
• Not very successful
• BR 27 per 1000
• BR nearly double that of China
• Due to inaccessibility of some areas
• 1970s enforced sterilization of men who had
  more than 3 children
• Difficult to implement a birth control programme
• 1. Religious reasons
• 2. Language / cultural barriers
• 2035 it is estimated that it will be the
  largest country in the world

• Spain
• BR
• 1. 1970 2.86 babies born per 1000 people
• 2. 1999 1.27 per 1000
• Second lowest BR (Italy has the lowest)
• Reasons for decrease
• 1. Improved quality of life (more money
  available)
• 2. Better education
• 3. Social shift e.g. women wan to pursue a
  career put off having children or dont have
  children at all
• 4. Single people
• Average age for a woman to have her first child
• 1975 26
• 2008 30-39

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Nigeria Most populous country in Africa 2007
135 million Life Expectancy 47 Large families
some anticipation that children will not reach
their 5th birthday 1/10 practise birth
control Death rate HIV / AIDS
Steeply tapering sides High death rate In 1995
5.5 of the population HIV Between 200-2010
5 million AIDS deaths expected
Broad base - 5.5 children per woman 44 15gt
years old
Dependency what can you say about the
dependency ratio of each country?
Sweden 2007 9 million Life Expectancy 81 One
of the worlds richest countries Birth rate 1.7
children per woman Low birth rates and low death
rates Contraception widely used
Why does this pyramid look exaggerated?
Unit A2.2 The Human World
http//www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/country/niportal
.html
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Effects
Unit A2.1 The Human World
Name China One Child Policy
The one-child policy what? Why?Aim to slow
down the rate of population growth, the Chinese
government introduced a number of measures to try
to reduce the country's birth rate The
one-child policy, established in 1979, meant that
each couple was allowed just one child. The
thinking behind the new policy was that China's
population growth-rate was unsustainable. In 1950
the rate of population change in China was 1.9
each year. If this doesn't sound high, consider
that a growth rate of 3 will cause the
population of a country to double in under 24
years! Previous Chinese governments had actually
encouraged people to have a lot of children, in
order to increase the country's workforce. But by
the 1970s the government came to realise that
current rates of population growth would soon
become unsustainable.
The one-child policy was keenly resisted in rural
areas, where it was traditional to have large
families The one-child policy has been enforced
strictly in urban areas, but remote rural areas
have been harder to control. In some areas e.g.
Han Region policy is relaxed due to
under-population Many people claim that some
women, who became pregnant after they had already
had a child, were forced to have an abortion and
many women were forcibly sterilised. There
appears to be a lot of evidence to back up these
claims
Strategy Benefits, including access to
education, childcare and health care, were
offered to families that followed this rule, and
withdrawn from those that had further
children.Fines were placed on families that had
more than one child.
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Impact of the policyBirth rate has fallen
considerably in the last 25 years, (now just 0.7)

• Negative Impacts
• Due to a traditional preference for boys, large
  numbers of female babies have ended up homeless
  or in orphanages, and in some cases killed. In
  2000, it was reported that 90 of foetuses
  aborted in China were female.
• As a result, the gender balance of the Chinese
  population has become distorted. Today it is
  thought that men outnumber women by more than 60
  million.

• Long term implications
• China's one-child policy has been somewhat
  relaxed in recent years. Couples can now apply to
  have a second child if their first child is a
  girl, or if both parents are themselves
  only-children.
• While China's population is now rising more
  slowly, it still has a very large total
  population (1.2 billion in 2002) and China now
  faces new problems
• The falling birth rate is leading to the
  population structure becoming unbalanced between
  young and old, as the relative number of elderly
  people rises.
• At the same time there are fewer people of
  working age to support the growing number of
  elderly dependents. In the future China could
  have an ageing population.

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Unit A2.1 The Human World
MEDC
USA The American Dream?
Mexico a poverty nightmare?
LEDC
Why do people migrate? The hope, belief,
perception of a better quality of life
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Unit 2 The Human World Land Use in Urban Areas
Reading
DONT FORGET TO INCLUDE KEY WORDS E.G. RENEWAL
Name
Where?
Situation
Site
Berkshire
At the confluence of the Thames and Kennet
65km from London 110km from Bristol
Effects (of/on humans / or environment)
In the Thames Valley
Chiltern Hills close to the north of the town
Characteristics and Examples
CBD zone of renewal redevelopment high land
prices short supply High rise buildings Public
buildings
Why has Reading grown?
Strategies (Planning Development)

• Shape governed by
• Physical geog (valley)
• Human geog (M4)

The Inner City Area Housing 1850-1910 Terraced hig
h density
Accessibility Three important railway lines A4
/ M4 corridor
The Suburbs Post 1914 housing Semis detached
Front back gardens Industrial estates
See optional unit Managing Urban Areas
Original Industry the 3 Bs 1. Bulbs 2.
Brewery 3.Biscuits
Commuter Area V expensive housing Green
spaces Out-of-town shopping
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Unit 2 The Human World Land Use in Urban Areas
Name
Where?
Situation
Site
Bangalore
On a plateau of 920m
Central Southern India, Capital of Karnataka
State
Why .?
Effects (of/on humans / or environment)

• Bangalore is known as the Garden City, because of
  its many gardens
• Once India gained its independence 1947, the
  Indian government concentrated on its education
  and research centres.
• Many new industries were established in late
  1950s and 1960s, which led to a rapid growth in
  the city.
• Very cheap labour, and lots of new industries
  with technology.

Once many Industries were established in the late
1990s, many new jobs were available. Which
pulled people in for work. However the only
disadvantage, was the strain on the citys
infrastructure.
Strategies (Planning Development)
CBD- Split into two parts by Cubbon Park. Which
is surrounded by high rise building, and
commercial premises. Zone C - Located
approximately 3km north east of the CBD. The
Demand of Land has lead to the development of
many apartment blocks. Zone D- This is located
3km south east of the city centre. No basic
facilities, and very bad infrastructure.
Zone E This area is located to the east of the
CBD, and seen as one of the best residential
areas in Bangalore. It has its own school, and
hospital. Zone F- This is located 5km, from the
city centre. Its bordered by a cemetery, two
main roads and a railway line. Bustees here!
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Unit A3.2 The Economic World
Where? gt7,000 islands Located north of
Indonesia What? Subsistence farmers who rent the
land (payment in kind) 1.5-2 Ha in size Land
Reform act has attempted to distribute the land
more fairly, but progress is slow The Green
Revolution high yielding crops but need
fertilisers and pesticides MONEY!! Now
focussing on traditional methods
Philippines
Here are the effects
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Unit A3.2 The Economic World
Home Farm , Midlands
Diversification Cowsheds outbuildings
convert for BB for tourists of visiting
businessmen (proximity to Birminghams
NEC) Makeshift car park proximity to Birmingham
airport Renting out fields for pony grazing
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Unit A3.3 The Economic World
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TNCs in Brazil
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Unit A3.3 The Economic World
Hi-Tech Industry - Bracknell
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Bracknell
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Fiat A TNC in Brazil
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Unit A4.4The Natural World / Unit 5.3Managing
the Environment
Papua New Guinea
WWWWW(H)

• Effects
• How is the rainforest being exploited?
• What conflicts have occurred and between whom?

• Where are resources being exploited?
• What does exploit mean?
• Which Non- Governmental Organisation (NGO) is
  concerned by this?

• Strategies / Solutions
• How is it being sustainable managed?
• How is the rainforest being conserved?

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Unit A4.4The Natural World / Unit 5.3Managing
the Environment
WWWWW(H)
Papua New Guinea

• Eastern half of New Guinea SE Asia Pacific
• Ecosystems tropical rainforest and coral reef
• Population 4.5 million
• LEDC 70 literacy 12,000 people per doctor
• exploit use selfishly without thought
• 1996 National Forest Plan
• NGOs criticised
• a) Favoured / prioritised logging industry
• b) No conservation included
• c) Ignored local ideas for land development
• Loggers could cut down trees if they had a
  permit

• Effects
• Conflicts NGOs locals s Loggers
• Locals land sold (like compulsory purchase
  although not given a fair price)
• e.g. Land ownwer 10 Kina
• Logger 160Ks worth of logs
• 3. Exploited Communities
• Aitape deforestation to grow palm oil (driven
  by global demand soil problems!)
• Sissano Lagoon as above, but this time marine
  diversity affected sediment levels washed into
  the sea which will affect coral reef

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• Strategies / Solutions
• Aid by other countries given
• Commitment to sustainability
• Kikori Basin 1993-200
• Collingwood Bay Project 1996-2002
• Conservation Ecotourism! E.g. Crater Mountain
  Wildlife Management Area hoped that the
  government will not grant permits for primary
  activities
• Initiatives locally run reunited conflicting
  clans
• Good intentions of government supported by
  Greenpeace WWF but poor infrastructure makes
  monitoring difficult
• The World Bank became involved by threatening to
  withdraw funds if policies were not put into
  practice

• New initiatives
• Different scale logging companies encouraged by
  legitimate and monitored i.e. sympathetic to
  sustainability
• Economically sustainable taking into account land
  owners ideas
• Processing developed more money from processed
  timber

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Unit 5 Managing the Environment
Name Walton-on-the Naze
Effects

• Where?
• Essex
• When did defence work start?
• 1977
• Why is it eroding?
• 1. Geology
• cliffs are mad up of sand gravel laid on top
  of London clay ie v soft
• 2. V unstable
• 3. Water percolates through the
• permeable sand and gravel
• This acts as a lubricant
• Causing upper layers to slip
• Putting more pressure on the lower sections

1999- picnickers on the Naze Cliffs
Strategy 1. In the past , N Naze no
protection Money will only be given if property
is under threat 2. But 1998 protection work has
started Local council 167 000 for 300 tons.
Of Leicester granite (act as a breakwater) Rip
Rap 3. Dredging Harwich Harbour sand / gravel
moved to Naze to act as a shock absorber
2001 - the picnic spot has disappeared!

• Pill Box evidence - 35 m erosion since 1945
• Student data
• 1994 - 71.80m to cliff from tower
• 2000 62.20m

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Unit 5 Managing the Environment
Name Mississippi River (flood)

• Where?
• USA N Dakota, Kansas, Iowa
• When?
• 1993
• What caused the floods?
• Exceptionally heavy rainfall between Jan-Jun
  (more than double)
• e.g. Iowa twice as much rainfall than normal
• Storms
• Saturated ground
• Straigtened channels causes water to reach lower
  channel more quickly
• Why was it made worse?
• 80 of the wetlands (marsh) had been drained
  this was a natural storage which releases water
  slowly
• Who?
• 3000 evacuated
• 32 killed

• Effects
• Area flooded size of the UK
• 32 killed
• 300 evacuated
• 60 000 homes destroyed / damaged
• 10 million damage
• Infrastructure disrupted
• 4m Ha farmland flooded

• Strategy
• Levees made higher / reinforced 3 000km
• Dams hold back water during times of flood and
  release it when river levels are lower. They also
  provide a water supply and Hydro-electricity
• Large river meanders were made straighter. This
  shortens the rivers course to get rid of flood
  water from the river basin as quickly as
  possible.
• Many trees have been planted on the valley of the
  Tennessee River, one of the Mississippis major
  tributaries. Trees delay runoff and reduce the
  amount of water reaching the river. This is
  called Afforestation.
• Diversionary spillways have been built. These are
  overflow channels which can take surplus water
  during times of flood.

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The Norfolk Broads - Damage by Agriculture in an
MEDC
Unit 5.3 Managing the Environment

• Where?
• E England
• Norfolk Suffolk
• What?
• Wetland status equivalent to National Park
• Broads Authority manages conservation,
  recreation and navigation
• Aims to achieve a balance between these diverse
  areas

(Causes ) Effects Source of damage a)
Agriculture (eutrophication irrigation) Fertili
zer ?nitrates ? streams/ ditches ? plant growth ?
algae ? uses up oxygen ? life suffocates (made
worse due to gradient ? slow moving water) b)
Sewage disposal c) Tourism mainly in the
summer boat wash ? loss of vegetation

• Solutions / Strategies
• Additional equipment sewage works
• Grants environmentally-sensitive farming
• Tourism speed limits
• Restoration of Barton Broad dredging
  biomanipulation restoring reeds new facilities

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Unit 5 Managing the Environment
Sahel Belt, Africa Where? Senegal Mauritania Burk
ina Faso Mali Niger Chad Sudan Ethiopia Somalia

• What?
• Desertification human climate fertile land
  ? unproductive desert
• Global problem of varying degrees
• A land area the size of India affected
• 300 million people affected
• Cause
• Climate drought high temps. infrequent
  rainfall intense
• Human factors overgrazing over-cultivation s

Effects Dalli, Central Niger 40 years ago
enough millet farmed lush vegetation Today Soil
easily eroded by wind Rain lighter and
infrequent Farms 4 times the size, but harvests
only 1/7th Why? Destruction of shrubs
Strategies? With population in Sudan Ethiopia
increased 300 in the latter ½ of the 2oth
century wood fuel needed.
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Unit 5 Managing the Environment
Doñana National Park
Where? Andalucía, S Spain What? Europes
largest nature reserve ( 78 000 Ha Dunes,
marshes and canals Rich variety of flora and
fauna Causes Fragile ecosystem affected
by Farming activities pesticides
insecticides Agricultural development areas
drying up Proposed holiday resort 1998 toxic
waste spillage sludge containing zinc and lead
flowed down the Guadimar River
Effects 1998 toxic waste spillage from leaking
dam sludge containing zinc and lead flowed down
the Guadimar River Highly acidic between
vinegar and sulphuric acid Killed vegetation
concerns for wildlife Large area damaged 1500
protected 8000 important wetlands
Strategies? Emergency operations Dams
closed Reinforcements on leaking dam Clearing
dead wildlife 9 days before earth moving machines
started Spain criticised for policies
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Unit 5 Managing the Environment
WWWWW Where? Ecuador - Oriente Who? Indigenous
people Secoya and Huarani Immigrants
Colonos (encouraged by gov.) Texaco oil
company What was it like? Inaccessible before the
pipeline Few people What was the gov.
policy? Living Frontiers Policy encouraging
people to cut down trees for farming (remember
Texaco was already exploiting the area for oil)
Oil Extraction in the Amazonian Rainforest -
ECUADOR
Effects Oil spillages 16.8 mill gallons in 30
years! Texaco has dumped 20 mill gallons of waste
water containing toxic hydrocarbons into
waterways Drilling led to deforestation
340,000 ha per year! Tribes numbers reduced
water supplies polluted leading to increased
cancers, miscarriages, dermatitis fungal
infections also food sources reduced toxins
consumed and accumulate higher up the food chain
Strategies Gov. has exerted little pressure on
those who exploit it has even encouraged this (
50 of GNP relies on oil ind.) Oil companies have
recently made some effort to clean up Maxux
Energy Corp. has laid underground pipes so as to
not disturb the Quichua Tribe Yasuni National
Park, but damaged the area in construction, and
there are spillages!
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Unit 8.2 Managing the Urban EnvironmentSão Paulo
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Reading an urban area constantly changing its
land use
Unit 8.1 Managing the Urban Environment
Effects Reading expanded to cope with
growth Redevelopment Renewal CBD
edge-of-city No indoor shopping centre unusual
for a town of this size
Where? Berkshire Why is it changing? Rapid growth
(73,000 ? 16000 M4 Corridor

• Strategies
• Started in 1969 Inner Distribution Road (IDR)
  intended to be a ring road (a bit like the M25),
  but was never completed, so congestion is still a
  problem
• 1970 Broad Street closed to all but essential
  traffic
• 1990 Friar Street pedestrianised (less
  pollution safer)
• 1997 The Oracle Project
• a) part of CBD redeveloped (shopping centre, car
  park, Warner Village Cinema the environs of the
  Kennet)
• b) new shops attracted
• c) established shops relocated in the Oracle
  Centre
• d) relocation of other shops into the High St to
  prevent decline e.g. banks
• 5. Redevelopment of brownfield sites e.g. Rose
  Kiln Lane flats
• 6. Council hoping to build 67,000 new homes on
  brownfield sites
• 7. Edge of Reading also improved e.g. new
  football stadium out-of-town retail park
  (Reading Gate) science/business park all
  previously urban landfill / gravel pits

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Unit 8.3 Managing the Urban Environment Cairo,
Egypt Environmental Issues
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Ocean Currents Labrador current cold current,
bringing cold weather to the east coast of the
states Warm weather brought by Gulf Stream
Latitude Places near the Equator are much
warmer Sun directly overhead energy more
concentrated
What factors influence climate?
Distance form the sea Places near the coast tend
to be warmer in winter and cooler in summer Water
absorbs and holds energy, releasing it more
slowly (movement of the water Sun heats up the
land to a depth of 30cm and this is easily lost
Prevailing Winds Dominant wind UK SW
westerlies (warm) Rest of Europe easterlies
(colder)
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Grid References
Remember that the numbers along the bottom of the
map come first and the numbers up the side of the
map come second. A four-figure reference 1982
refers to the square where the Eastings line 19
meets the Northing line 82. A six-figure
reference 198823 will give you the exact point in
the square 1982 - 8/10s of the way across and
3/10s of the way up. On the map below this
six-figure reference shows the village of
Shatton.
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Exam tips

• Make sure that you know how to interpret
  different types of map. Read keys and grid
  references carefully.
• When drawing maps be sure to include the
  following
• a title - stating what the map shows (eg land use
  or vegetation cover)
• a key - so the reader knows what the symbols on
  the map represent
• compass points - showing which way is up (North)
• a scale - so the reader can translate distances
  shown on the map into distances on the ground
• If you need a refresher course on map reading,
  check out the Ordinance Survey's Mapzone site

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Triangular Graphs
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http//geographyfieldwork.com/DataPresentationTria
ngularGraphs.htm
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And finally

• You have worked really well!
• You have revised in an organised fashion
• Just go over the bits youre not sure of
• Use the card games
• Read the questions carefully do your best
  questions first
• GOOD LUCK!