Title: Whole Blood Collection
1Whole Blood Collection
2Donor Categories
- Allogeneic donors
- Autologous donors
- Directed donors
- Designated donors
- Hemapheresis
- Platelet Apheresis
- Plasma Pheresis
ELO A
3DONOR CATEGORIES
- Allogeneic
- Unpaid
- Voluntary donors
- Blood can be transfused to the general population
ELO A
4DONOR CATEGORIES
- Autologous
- For donors own use
- Procedure done prior to operation
- Directed donors
- Recipients choose their donors
ELO A
5DONOR CATEGORIES
- Designated donors
- Blood or blood components from a specific donor
- Used for a specific patient
- Used patients have multiple antibodies and need
antigen compatible blood or blood products
ELO A
6DONOR CATEGORIES
- Hemapheresis
- Removal of whole blood and it is separated into
components - One or more components retained
- Unused components are returned
- Two types
- Platelet Apheresis
- Plasma Pheresis
ELO A
7DONOR CATEGORIES
- Hemapheresis
- Platelet Apheresis
- Removal of donors platelets
- Return of their cellular and plasma components
- Plasma Pheresis
- Removal of patients plasma and return of the
remaining cellular components - Crystalloid given back as replacement fluid
- Used to treat TTP
ELO A
8Donor Registration
- DD Form 572
- Record of Donation
- Valid photo ID required
- Information obtained must fully identify link
to previous records
ELO B
9Donor Registration
- DD Form 572 Required information
- Date and time of donation
- Donor Family Member Prefix and SSN
- Name/Grade/Rank
- Date of Birth
- Donor Category
ELO B
10Donor Registration
- DD Form 572 (cont)
- Address
- Phone Number
- Organization/Station
- Gender
- Age 17 or older
ELO B
11Donor Registration
- DD Form 572 (cont)
- Check Deferral Registry for previous deferrals
- Document that it was checked
- Ideally, identify currently deferred persons
before a unit of blood is drawn - However, MUST identify deferrals before unit is
released for manufacturing
ELO B
12Donor Registration
- Other useful information
- Race Phenotype Specific
- Unique characteristics
- Seroneative for CMV
- Group O, Rh negative
- Date of last donation - must wait 56 days between
donations
ELO B
13Information Given to Donor
- Education materials on signs and symptoms of
HIV/AIDS - High-risk activities for HIV transmission
- Information about all the tests to be performed
on the blood - Risks of the donation procedure and post
phlebotomy care
ELO C
14AIDS
- Symptoms of AIDS
- Unexplained weight lose, gt10 lbs
- Night sweats
- Blue/purple spots (Kaposis sarcoma)
- White spots in the mouth
- Temp. gt100.5ºF more than 10 days
- Persistent cough and/or diarrhea
ELO D
15CHECK ON LEARNING
- Which donor category chooses their donor for
transfusion? - Directed donor
16CHECK ON LEARNING
- Describe platelet apheresis and which donor
category does it fall under? - Removal of donors platelets and return of their
cellular and plasma components - Hemapheresis
17CHECK ON LEARNING
- What is the minimum age of a donor?
- 17 and older, unless written permission is given
from a parent or legal guardian
18CHECK ON LEARNING
- Name four symptoms of AIDS?
- Unexplained weight loss gt10 lbs and night sweats
- Kaposis sarcoma
- Swollen lymph nodes gt1 month
- Temp gt100.5 for gt10 days
- Persistent cough, shortness of breath and
diarrhea - Persistent white spots or unusual blemishes in
the mouth
19Allogeneic Donor Selection
- Based on medical history and a limited physical
exam - Serves two purposes
- Donating blood wont harm donor
- Blood wont be harmful to the recipient (patient)
- Screening is done in private
ELO E
20Donor Medical History
- Use most recent DOD approved uniform donor
history questionnaire (DD572 Blood Donor Card) - Written and Verbal screening questions are
intended to identify risk factors for exposure to
transfusion-transmissible diseases (TTDs) - Tests not available for all pathogens
ELO F
21Donor Medical History
- Standardized DOD Lists for
- Medications
- Medical Conditions
- Vaccinations
- Foreign Countries
- Defer if unacceptable (the length of time is
directed in the list)
ELO F
22Donor Medical History
- Document any medication use
- Certain meds. affect platelet function
- Aspirin/ASA and Feldene
- If taken within last 72 hours
- Defer if platelet apheresis donor
- Identify random donor platelet units so that it
is not the sole source of platelet used for
transfusion (i.e. used to transfuse infants)
ELO F
23DONOR PHYSICAL EXAM
- Weight
- No more than 15 of the donors blood volume may
be removed at one time - This includes samples drawn for testing
ELO G
24DONOR PHYSICAL EXAM
- Weight
- 110 lbs may donate a max of 525 mLs (450 45
mL whole blood plus 30 mLs for testing) - For 500 mL blood bags (used for the frozen blood
program), the donor must weigh 121.5 lbs to
allow for 450-550 mLs of whole blood plus 30 mL
of pilot tubes
ELO G
25Donor Physical Examination
- Temperature must be less than or equal to
37.5C (99.5F) - General appearance acceptable
ELO G
26Donor Physical Examination
- Pulse between 50-100 bpm
- can be lower if donor is athletic
- Blood Pressure Maximum Levels
- Systolic 180 mmHg
- Diastolic 100 mmHg
- If normal while taking medication, accept donor
ELO G
27Donor Physical Examination
- Arm Inspection
- Suitable vein
- Skin lesions
- Possible drug use
- Days Between Donation
- Must be at least 56 days
- The Hemoglobin or Hematocrit must be measured
ELO G
28HEMOGLOBIN TESTING
Copper Sulfate is the primary method used for
allogeneic donor Hgb testing. If the blood drop
falls within 15 seconds the specific gravity of
the donors blood is higher than the copper
sulfate which corresponds to a acceptable Hgb
level.
ELO G
29HEMOGLOBIN TESTING
The HemoCue is an alternate method used for
hemoglobin testing for allogeneic donors. It is
also used for autologous donors as well.
ELO G
30HEMATOCRIT TESTING
- The Hematocrit is measured as an alternative to
Hemoglobin testing - Or used to verify borderline low hemoglobin
levels (donor may be acceptable)
ELO G
31Donor Physical Examination
- Minimal Acceptable HH Levels
ELO G
32Donor Physical Examination
- Written Consent signs the donor card
- Allows blood bank to collect and use blood for
transfusion - Part of donor record
- Must be completed prior to collection of blood
ELO G
33CHECK ON LEARNING
- What are the two purposes of the interview in
allogeneic donor selection? - Determine whether giving blood will harm the
donor or if the blood will be harmful to the
recipient
34CHECK ON LEARNING
- Can a person that ingested aspirin within the
last 72 hours donate? - Yes, but their blood is not made into the sole
source of platelet products
35CHECK ON LEARNING
- What is the specific gravity of the copper
sulfate and acceptable Hgb levels for allogeneic
and autologous donors? - 1.053 specific gravity and 12.5 g/dl Hgb
(allogeneic) and 1.049 specific gravity and 11.0
g/dl (autologous)
36CHECK ON LEARNING
- How much must a donor weigh if a 500 mL blood bag
is used for whole blood collection? - 121.5 lbs
37COLLECTION OF BLOOD
38(No Transcript)
39PHLEBOTOMISTSS DUTIES
- Trained professionals
- Use aseptic methods
- Use New container for every donor venipuncture
(even if have to redraw because missed stick)
ELO H
40PHLEBOTOMISTSS DUTIES
- Blood bags
- Must be an FDA approved sterile pyrogen free bag
with sufficient anticoagulant - The amount and type of anticoagulant must be
labeled on the bag (63 mL for 450 mL bag)
ELO H
41IDENTIFICATION OF WHOLE BLOOD UNITS
ELO H
- Check integrally attached tubing and needle
Donor Labels
Pilot Tubes
Component bag
Component bag
Collection bag with anticoagulant
42PHLEBOTOMISTS DUTIES
- ID of whole blood units
- ID is critical in each step
- Use numeric or alphanumeric system used that
identifies and relates to - The source donor, the donor record, the specimens
for testing, the collection bag, and components
prepared from the unit - ISBT labels are now used throughout the world so
that all blood products are labeled the same
ELO H
43PHLEBOTOMISTS DUTIES
- ID of whole blood units
- Use extreme caution to avoid mix-up or
duplication - NEVER remove or obscure identification from a
blood product once it has been assigned
ELO H
44PHLEBOTOMISTS DUTIES
- Before collection
- Confirm the donors identity
- Ensure testing tubes have same donor numbers as
whole blood collection bag and donor card - The above things are done BEFORE sticking the
donor
ELO H
45PREPARING THE VENIPUNCTURE SITE
- Select the vein
- Draw from large vein
- Area should be free of lesions
- Inflate BP cuff to 40-60 mmHg to make vein more
prominent - Once vein selected release BP cuff
ELO I
46PREPARING THE VENIPUNCTURE SITE
- Select the vein
- Draw from large vein
- Area should be free of lesions
- Inflate BP cuff to 40-60 mmHg to make vein more
prominent - Once vein selected release BP cuff
ELO I
47PREPARING THE VENIPUNCTURE SITE
- Prepare the site
- Vigorously Scrub venipuncture area at least 4 cm
(1.5 inches) in all directions from the intended
site of venipuncture (3 inch diameter) for
minimum of 30 seconds with a 0.7 aqueous scrub
solution of iodophor compound
ELO I
48PREPARING THE VENIPUNCTURE SITE
- Prepare the site
- Apply iodine swab solution
- Start at the intended site of venipuncture and
move outward in a concentric spiral, - Do not go over the same area more than once
ELO I
49PREPARING THE VENIPUNCTURE SITE
- Prepare the site
- Let the area stand for 30 seconds
- Cover the area with dry, sterile gauze until the
time of venipuncture - Do not repalpate the vein
ELO I
50PREPARING THE VENIPUNCTURE SITE
- Prepare the site
- If donor is allergic to shellfish or iodine use
ChloraPrep swabs containing 2 chlorhexidine and
70 isopropyl alcohol - Do not use Green soap
ELO I
51PHLEBOTOMY COLLECTION OF PILOT TESTING SAMPLES
- Hang bag below the donor on a scale
- Clamp the tubing with a hemostat
- Reapply B.P. cuff
- Remove needle cover
ELO J
52PHLEBOTOMY COLLECTION OF PILOT TESTING SAMPLES
- Pull the donors skin taut over the site
- Perform venipuncture with bevel up
ELO J
53PHLEBOTOMY COLLECTION OF PILOT TESTING SAMPLES
- Release the hemostats from the tubing and allow
the blood to flow into the bag
- Instruct donor to squeeze fist every 10-12 seconds
ELO J
54PHLEBOTOMY COLLECTION OF PILOT TESTING SAMPLES
- Secure the needle with tape and cover with
sterile gauze - During collection mix the blood with
anticoagulant to prevent clots from forming in
the bag
ELO J
55AUTOMATED BLOOD MIXER
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57PHLEBOTOMY COLLECTION OF PILOT TESTING SAMPLES
- Clamp off tubing with hemostat when appropriate
amount is collected (trip scale goes off)
ELO J
58PHLEBOTOMY COLLECTION OF PILOT TESTING SAMPLES
- Fill pilot tubes and deflate B.P. cuff
- Record the start and stop times for performing
the procedure (must be 15 minutes to make
platelets)
ELO J
59PHLEBOTOMY COLLECTION OF PILOT TESTING SAMPLES
- Remove the needle and instruct donor to elevate
his/her arm without bending the elbow
- Apply firm pressure to the site
- Detach needle from the tubing and dispose of
properly
ELO J
60PHLEBOTOMY COLLECTION OF PILOT TESTING SAMPLES
- Bandage puncture site
- Strip the whole blood in the integral tube line
back into the whole blood bag (three times) - Recheck all identification numbers on the unit,
tubes, and donor card - Send unit, tubes and donor card to initial
processing area
ELO J
61Check On Learning
- How is the venipuncture site prepared for
donation?
62ANSWER
- Vigorously scrub the area at least 4 cm in all
directions from the intended site of venipuncture
(3 inch diameter) for a minimum of 30 seconds
with a 0.7 aqueous scrub solution of iodophor
compound
63CHECK ON LEARNING
- How are mix-ups avoiding in the identification of
whole blood units? - Check ID numbers at each step
- Ensure numbers match the source, record,
specimens, collection bag, and components
64CHECK ON LEARNING
- Is it acceptable to use Green Soap to prepare a
phlebotomy site? - NO
65CARE OF THE DONOR AFTER PHLEBOTOMY
- Have donor remain reclining for observation
- Allow the donor to sit up slowly
- Give donor post phlebotomy care instructions
- Thank the donor for their donation
ELO J
66CARE OF THE DONOR AFTER PHLEBOTOMY
- Note any adverse reactions and corrective actions
taken on donor card - A staff member is stationed in the refreshment
area for continued monitoring of donors ( 10 min)
- Juice and cookies help increase the donors fluid
and glucose levels
ELO J
67ADVERSE DONOR REACTIONS
- Blood Bank physician must provide written
instructions for handling donor reactions - Adverse reactions occur occasionally
- Personnel must be trained to recognize and
provide initial treatment to include CPR
ELO K
68ADVERSE DONOR REACTIONS
- General Instructions
- For moderate or severe reactions, remove the
tourniquet and withdraw the needle - If possible move the donor to a private area
ELO K
69ADVERSE DONOR REACTIONS
- General Instructions
- Apply the specific measure for the reaction type
- If they do not lead to rapid recovery, call the
blood bank physician - Record nature and treatment of the reaction on
the donor record or adverse event form
ELO K
70ADVERSE DONOR REACTIONS
- Class interaction activity
- Identify the signs/symptoms of each donor
category - Identify the treatment for each category
ELO K
71ADVERSE DONOR REACTIONS
- Slight reaction
- Most common type
- Signs/Symptoms?
- Treatment?
ELO K
72ADVERSE DONOR REACTIONS
- Moderate reaction
- Hematoma
- Treatment?
ELO K
73ADVERSE DONOR REACTIONS
- Moderate reaction
- Fainting/Syncope
- Vasovagal means what?
- Prevention?
- Treatment?
ELO K
74ADVERSE DONOR REACTIONS
- Moderate reaction
- Nausea with vomiting
- Treatment?
ELO K
75ADVERSE DONOR REACTIONS
- Moderate reaction
- Twitching or spasms
- Signs/Symptoms?
- Treatment?
- Hemapheresis and Citrate Toxicity how to treat?
ELO K
76ADVERSE DONOR REACTIONS
- Severe reaction
- Convulsions
- Signs/Symptoms?
- Treatment?
ELO K
77ADVERSE DONOR REACTIONS
- Severe reaction
- Cardiac Arrest
- Treatment?
ELO K
78CHECK ON LEARNING
- What are the different categories of donor
reactions? - Slight
- Moderate
- Severe
79INITIAL UNIT PROCESSING
- Unit, blood testing samples, and donor card must
be rechecked to ensure all label numbers match - Strip the integral donor tubing two more times to
ensure well mixed with anticoagulated blood from
primary bag
ELO L
80INITIAL UNIT PROCESSING
- Heat seal integral tubing at marked points (X)
to create segments that can be used by
transfusion service for compatibility testing
ELO L
81INITIAL UNIT PROCESSING
- Weigh Units of blood
- Acceptable bag weight
- Weight of empty blood bag with anticoagulant and
satellite bags plus volume of blood converted
into grams - Determine
- Maximum acceptable gram limit
- Minimum acceptable gram limit
ELO L
82INITIAL UNIT PROCESSING
- Ratio of Blood to Anticoagulant is critical to
prevent clots in units - Destroy (Record Destruction)
- Underfills below acceptable weight
- Overfills above acceptable weight
- Donor testing will still be completed and
notification of any abnormal results
ELO L
83INITIAL UNIT PROCESSING
- Place blood in temporary storage container having
sufficient refrigeration capacity to cool the
blood continuously toward a1 - 6C range, unless
platelets are to be prepared
- Transport blood and tubes to Component Processing
Lab
ELO L
84CHECK ON LEARNING
- What is performed on the blood during initial
processing? - Check Labels
- Strip 2 more times
- Weigh blood destroy under and overfills
- Transport blood samples to Component Lab
85DONOR UNIT TESTING
- AABB and FDA requires all donor units be fully
tested prior to label and release for transfusion - Reagents used must meet or exceed FDA regulations
ELO M
86DONOR UNIT TESTING
- Carefully document each step
- Meticulous records must be kept for every
component tested - There must be a mechanism for the removal of
reactive units from the inventory
ELO M
87DONOR UNIT TESTING
- ABO
- Perform front and back type using appropriate
reagents - Reverse and forward group must agree
- Compare ABO to previous donations
- Resolve discrepancies
ELO M
88DONOR UNIT TESTING
- Rh
- Units found to be D negative at initial spin must
be tested for weak D - Weak D cells may suffer accelerated destruction
if introduced into the circulation of a recipient
whose serum already contains anti-D
ELO M
89DONOR UNIT TESTING
- Rh Labeling of blood
- Weak D is positive, label the blood as Rh
Positive - Weak D negative, label the blood as Rh Negative
ELO M
90DONOR UNIT TESTING
- Antibody Screen
- Must demonstrate clinically significant
antibodies (37C and AHG phases) - Whole blood that screens positive must be labeled
with the antibody identified
ELO M
91DONOR UNIT TESTING
- Infectious disease testing
- Done to protect the recipient
- Samples that are initially reactive must be
repeat tested in duplicate - Destroy repeatedly reactive units and send to
reference lab for confirmation testing
ELO M
92DONOR UNIT TESTING
- Infectious disease testing
- Screening tests can be false negative due to
donors in early incubation phase of the infection
may not have produced antibodies yet (window
period)
ELO M
93DONOR UNIT TESTING
- Required Infectious disease testing
- Hepatitis B Surface Antigen
- Hepatitis B Core Antibody
- Hepatitis C Virus Antibody
- Long window period
- Seroconversion can take 6 -12 months
ELO M
94DONOR UNIT TESTING
- Required Infectious disease testing
- Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus types 1 and 2
Antibody - Human Immunodieficiency Virus types 1 and 2
Antibody - Serologic test for syphilis
ELO M
95DONOR UNIT TESTING
- Required Infectious disease testing
- Nucleic Acid Amplification Test direct RNA test
for HIV, HCV, WNV, and soon HBV
ELO M
96CHECK ON LEARNING
- In what phases do clinically significant
antibodies normally react? - 37ºC and AHG
97CHECK ON LEARNING
- Donor blood that tests Weak D positive is labeled
as what? - Rh Positive
98AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD DONATIONS
- Donation of any blood component that was donated
for the intended recipient for their own surgery - Recipient receives the safest blood possible
since the risks of transfusion transmitted
infection or alloimmunization are eliminated
ELO N
99AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD DONATIONS
- Advantages
- Prevents transfusion transmitted disease and red
cell alloimmunization - Does not take away form allogeneic blood supply
- Provides compatible blood for patients with
alloantibodies - Provides reassurance to patients concerned about
blood risks
ELO N
100AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD DONATIONS
- Disadvantages
- Does not change the risk of bacterial
contamination or ABO incompatibility - More costly than allogeneic collection
- Wastage of blood when not transfused
- Subjects patients to perioperative anemia
ELO N
101AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD DONATIONS
- Physician Responsibility
- Patients who do not meet the criteria for
acceptable autologous donation may request
special permission to enter the program - The Blood Bank physician is ultimately
responsible for accepting a donor
ELO N
102CRITERIA FOR AUTOLOGOUS DONATION
- No minimum weight requirements
- If donor weighs lt 110 lbs. the 63mL anticoagulant
must be readjusted for lower blood collection
volume - 300-405 ML of whole blood may be drawn
- Cannot make platelets or plasma
- Label Cells as Low Volume Unit
ELO O
103CRITERIA FOR AUTOLOGOUS DONATION
- No age limits
- B.P. can be waived by Medical Director
- Temperature same as allogeneic
- Hgb 11.0 g/L or 33 HCT (can be waived in
extreme circumstances)
ELO O
104CRITERIA FOR AUTOLOGOUS DONATION
- Frequency of donation
- No more than every 3 days
- Last phlebotomy should be at least 72 hours
before an operation
ELO O
105CRITERIA FOR AUTOLOGOUS DONATION
- Iron supplements
- Each donation depletes the body of 200mg of iron
- Iron supplements may be necessary to replenish
iron reserves for frequent autologous donors
ELO O
106AUTOLOGOUS DONOR BLOOD TESTING
- Minimum testing requirements
- ABO/Rh
- Antibody screen
- If blood is to be shipped outside the collecting
facility for transfusion, perform all the same
serological tests as with allogeneic donors
ELO P
107AUTOLOGOUS DONOR BLOOD TESTING
- Receiving facility must accept, in writing,
autologous units that test positive for HBc,
HTLV-I/II and syphilis - Destroy units that tests positive for HIV, HCV,
HBsAg and defer donor form further autologous
donations
ELO P
108LABELING AND STORAGE OF AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD
- Each unit is assigned a unique identification
number - FOR AUTOLOGOUS USE ONLY sticker
- Donor FMP/SSN
- ABO/Rh
- Collection location (hospital) and date
- Patient ID
ELO Q
109LABELING AND STORAGE OF AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD
ELO Q
110TRANSFUSING AUTOLOGOUS BLOOD
- Must ID intended recipient as the donor
- Treat recipients in the same manner as allogeneic
recipients - Test ABO/Rh, Antibody screen, crossmatch
- If transfusing facility did not draw the unit,
they must reconfirm ABO/Rh - Records of transfusion and adverse reactions must
be maintained
ELO R
111CHECK ON LEARNING
- If a potential autologous donor has a temperature
of 99.7F can the medical director or blood bank
physician waive this criteria? - NO
112CHECK ON LEARNING
- What are the minimum test requirements for
autologous units? - ABO/Rh
- Antibody screen
113CHECK ON LEARNING
- How does autologous blood labeling differ from
allogeneic? - FOR AUTOLOGOUS USE ONLY label
114DIRECTED DONATIONS
- Allows patient to choose their donor
- Same history and screening criteria as allogeneic
donors - Donor must be serologically compatible
ELO S
115DIRECTED DONATIONS
- Patients and their physicians will not be
informed which donors are ineligible and why
(privacy considerations) - Normally not allowed by DoD because donors may
feel compelled to help family member and might
lie about risk factors
ELO S
116DIRECTED DONATIONS
- Ineligible Directed Donors
- Husband to Wife of Childbearing Age
- Father to Infant Diagnosed with HDFN
ELO S
117PLATELET APHERESIS
- Done with automated cell separation devices
- Involves removal of blood from a donor,
processing blood into separate cellular elements,
collecting the platelet product, and returning
the unharvested portion (blood and plasma)
ELO T
118PLATELET APHERESIS
- Same standards as allogeneic Except
- Plt count must be 150,000/uL
- Donation period once every 2 days per 7 day
period, not to exceed 24 donations per year - 72 hour deferral after ingesting of aspirin
medications
ELO T
119THERAPEUTIC PHLEBOTOMY
- Removal of patients own red cells as treatment
of a medical condition - Polycythemia
- Hemochromacytosis
ELO U
120THERAPEUTIC PHLEBOTOMY
- Polycythemia
- Patients HCT above 50
- Phlebotomy reduces blood viscosity which
facilitates organ perfusion and decreases the
probability of thrombosis or stroke
ELO U
121THERAPEUTIC PHLEBOTOMY
- Hemochromacytosis
- Phlebotomy reduces Hgb with patients with iron
overload to prevent iron-associated organ damage
ELO U
122THERAPEUTIC PHLEBOTOMY
- Physician must prescribe the phlebotomy
- Whole blood is removed to the desired Hgb or HCT
level
ELO U
123CHECK ON LEARNING
- What is the acceptable criteria for a directed
donor ? - Same as allogeneic and be serologically compatible
124CHECK ON LEARNING
- What is the minimum platelet count for a Platelet
Pheresis donor? - 150,000/uL
125CHECK ON LEARNING
- Why a therapeutic phlebotomies performed?
- Medical reasons
126DEFFERAL CRITERIA
- Review DoD Criteria Lists
- Drugs and Medications
- Medical Conditions
- Vaccinations
- Countries Traveled
- Know the requirements for the items identified
with an
ELO V
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