India

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Indias Moon Mission Chandrayaan -1 Aishwarya
Narain formerly with SAC, ISRO Presented at
the Colloquium, Space Studies, University of
North Dakota, January 12, 2009

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MOON
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MOON
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Reference in Ancient Indian verses
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• The Apollo and Luna missions returned 382
  kilograms (840 pounds) of rock and soil from
  which three major surface materials have been
  studied the regolith, the maria, and the terrae.
• Geological activity on the Moon consists of
  occasional large impacts and the continued
  formation of the regolith. It is thus considered
  geologically dead. With such an active early
  history of bombardment and a relatively abrupt
  end of heavy impact activity, the Moon is
  considered fossilized in time.

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Chandrayaan 1Indias first unmanned mission to
Moon
Payload/ instruments Indigenous 5 AO Payloads 6
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Chandrayaan 1
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Spectrum used

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CHANDRAYAAN-1 ORBIT

• Altitude 100km
• Inclination 90
• Period 117.6 min
• Mean ground velocity 1.54 km/s

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Mission objectives

• To realise the mission goal of harnessing the
  science payloads, lunar craft and the launch
  vehicle with suitable ground support systems
  including Deep Space Network (DSN) station.
• To realise the integration and testing, launching
  and achieving lunar polar orbit of about 100 km,
  in-orbit operation of experiments, communication/
  telecommand, telemetry data reception, quick look
  data and archival for future mission.

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Chandrayaan -1

• Main objective
• High-resolution remote sensing of the moon in
• visible, near infrared (NIR), low energy X-rays
  and
• high-energy X-ray regions
• Detailed objectives
• A three dimensional atlas of Moon
• Chemical and mineralogical mapping(Onboard SSR
  has storage capacity of 50 GB)

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End goal

• Photo, geological, mineralogical and chemical
  mapping will enable identification of different
  geological units to infer the early evolutionary
  history of the Moon.
• Chemical mapping will enable to determine the
  stratigraphy and nature of the Moon's crust and
  thereby test certain aspects of magma ocean
  hypothesis.
• Determine the compositions of impactors that
  bombarded the Moon during its early evolution
  which is also relevant to our own planet Earth

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Major Milestones

• The upgraded version of PSLV (PSLV-XL -(PSLV-C11)
  was used to inject the 1380 kg mass spacecraft
  into a 255 x 22860 km orbit
• Launched on Oct. 22, 2008 from SDSC SHAR,
  Sriharikota, INDIA
• Main orbiter placed in 100 km circular polar
  orbit on November 12
• MIP ( Moon Impact Probe) dropped successfully on
  November 14

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Launch vehicle
Upgraded version of PSLV viz., PSLV-XL (PSLV-C11)
was used to inject the 1380 kg mass spacecraft
into a 255 x 22860 km orbit. (four stages, using
solid and liquid propulsion systems alternately)
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Journey to Moonstarted Oct 22
Completed Nov 12
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Chandrayaan-1 External Network
lt 100,000 km gt 100, 000 km

• Bearslake

• APL

• JPL

• Lucknow

• IDSN

• Hawaii

• Bangalore

• Brunei

• TVM

• Biak

Portblair

• Mauritius

• Cuiaba

Indias Moon Mission, Space Studies Colloquium,
UND
12 January 2009
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Payload/ instruments

• Five Indigenously developed
• Six as part of Announcement of Opportunity
  Payloads from the USs National Aeronautics and
  Space Agency, European Space Agency (a consortium
  of 17 European nations) and the Bulgarian Academy
  of Sciences

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Indigenously developed
1. TMC Terrain Mapping stereo Camera (TMC) in
the panchromatic band Swath 20 km and Spatial
resolution 5 m
6.3kg, 1.8W
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Indigenously developed (contd)

• 2. HySI
• Hyper Spectral Imaging camera
• (HySI) operating in 400-950 nm
• (VNIR) with a spectral resolution
• better than 15 nm and spatial
• resolution of 80 m and a swath of
• 20 km. This will be mapping the
• lunar surface in 64 contiguous
• bands.
• HySI will collect the Suns reflected
• light from the Moons surface
• through a tele-centric refractive
• optics and focus on to an APS area
• detector for this purpose.

2.5kg, 0.8W
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Image acquired by TMC of Coulomb C crater
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lt HYSI gt
TMC Enlarged view of Barrow Crater from
Chandrayaan- 1
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HYSI 64 band data
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TMC imagery showing part of Torricelli crater
November 13, 2008
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Polar region of the Moon
Imagery acquired on November 15, 2008 from
Chandrayaan - 1
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Picture from MIP
Imagery acquired from Moon Impact Probe MIP on
November 14, 2008
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Picture from MIP
November 14, 2008
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Indigenously developed (contd)

• 3. LLRI
• Lunar Laser Ranging Instrument has a height
  resolution of lt 5 m
• Output from LLRI will produce a highly accurate
  Lunar topography.
• Detailed study will lead to stress, strain and
  flexural properties of lithosphere.
• Combined with gravity will lead to detailed
  inferences on density distribution of the crust

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Indigenously developed (contd)

• 4. HEX
• High Energy X-ray spectrometer (HEX) using
  Cadmium-Zinc-Telluride (CdZnTe) detector in the
  30-270 keV energy region with spatial resolution
  of 33 km
• First experiment to carry out spectral studies
  of planetary surface at hard X-ray energies using
  good energy resolution detectors. The High Energy
  X-ray (HEX) experiment is designed primarily to
  study the emission of low energy (30-270 keV)
  natural gamma-rays from the lunar surface due to
  238U and 232Th and their decay chain nuclides.

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Indigenously developed (contd)

• 5. MIP
• Moon Impact Probe (MIP) is
• a piggyback on the main orbiter of the
• Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft,
• which will impact on the surface of the moon.
• Design development of technology for soft
• landing in future and deployment of a rover
• (planned for Chandrayaan 2)
• Exploration of Moon in a close range using
• instruments like Video imaging system, Mass
• spectrometer profiling lunar atmosphere
• during descent, communication system
• performance between Main orbiter and MIP

Contd gtgtgt
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MIP Mission Profile
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AO Payloads (six in all)

• 1. C1XS
• Chandrayaan-1 X-ray
• Spectrometer (C1XS)
• through ESA - collaboration
• between Rutherford
• Appleton Laboratory,UK and
• ISRO Satellite Centre, ISRO
• High quality X-ray spectroscopic
• mapping to answer key questions
• on the origin and evolution of the
• Moon

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AO Payloads (contd)

 

• 2. SIR-2 (Spectrometer infrared)
• Near Infra-Red spectrometer
• (0.93-2.4 microns)
• Built by Max Plank Institute
• for Solar System Science,
• Max-Planck Society,
• Germany and ESA
• Analyse the lunar surface
• in various geological/
• mineralogical and
• topographical units http//www.mps.mpg.de/projects
  /sir/

 


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AO Payloads (contd)

• 3.SARA
• Sub keV Atom Reflecting
• Analyser (SARA) through ESA
• PayloadSwedish Institute of
• Space Physics, Sweden
• and Physics
• and
• Space Physics Lab., VSSC
• (Digital processing unit of this
• payload designed and
• Developed)
• http//www.irf.se/link/sara http//www.space.unibe
  .ch
• http//www.isas.ac.jp/e/index.shtml

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SARA (contd)

• SARA instrument consists of
• Neutral atom sensor CENA (Chandrayaan-1 Energetic
  Neutrals Analyzer)
• Solar wind monitor SWIM and
• DPU (Data Processing Unit)

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SARA (contd)

• Imaging the Moon surface using
• low energy neutral atoms (10 eV - 3.2 keV)
• permanently shadowed areas and volatile rich
  areas
• solar wind-surface interaction
• lunar surface magnetic anomalies
• Leading to studies of space weathering

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AO Payloads (contd)

• 4. RADOM
• Radiation Dose Monitor
• Experiment (RADOM)
• (Bulgarian Academy of
• Sciences).
• Characterise (qualitatively and
• Quantitatively) the radiation
• environment in near lunar space,
• in terms of particle flux, dose rate
• and deposited energy spectrum.

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AO Payloads (contd)

• 5. Mini-SAR
• Miniature Synthetic Aperture Radar
• (Mini-SAR) from Applied Physics
• Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University
• and Naval Air Warfare Centre, USA
• through NASA
• Goal
• Detect water/ ice in shadowed
• polar regions cold traps (50-70 k)
• (frequency 2.38 GHz, with a
• resolution of 75 m per pixel)

http//www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lcross2006/pdf/90
13.pdf
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Mini-SAR and LRO
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AO Payloads (contd)

• 6. M3 (M-cube)
• Moon Mineralogy Mapper
• (M3) is from Brown University
• and Jet Propulsion Lab.,
• USA coordinated through
• NASA
• (High res. Imaging spectrometer)
• Goal
• Study mineralogy to infer
• the lunar geologic
• evolution
• (high resolution data)

Contd gtgt
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Moon Mineralogy Mapper
M3 (M-cubeTeam) gt
http//moonmineralogymapper.jpl.nasa.gov/SCIENCE/
http//discovery.nasa.gov/M3.html
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M3 (contd)
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Ground Segment
Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN), Mission
Operations Complex (MOX), Payload Operations
Centre (POC), Indian Space Science Data Centre
(ISSDC), ISTRAC Network Control Centre (NCC)
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Chandrayaan - 1Ground Segment Organisation
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Future Moon Missions

• Chandrayaan-2, scheduled for 2012 for a soft
  landing on Moon
• Chandrayaan-3 planned for 2015 will have a robot
  for chemical analysis of lunar soil and
  investigate presence of water and mineral
  composition using a wealth of information
  acquired from 1 and 2
• Manned mission ..
• Mr. Mylswamy Annadurai is the Project Director
  of Chandrayaan- 1

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• THANKS
• http//www.isro.org/