Title: Red Wine and its Cardiovascular Effects
1Red Wine and its Cardiovascular Effects
2Why the interest in red wine?
Lowest rate of cardiac disease mortality
Fairly high intake of saturated fatty acids
Loaded with natural health aids
Cholesterol Detoxifier
Anticoagulant
Artery Relaxant
3How Antioxidants Work
- Saturated fats and oils contain many double
bonds or 30 hydrogen which are easily targeted
for auto-oxidation
Auto-oxidation R3CH O-O
R3COOH R3CO-OH R3CO OH
- Auto-oxidation leads to hydroperoxides which can
dissociate rapidly because the RO-OR bond
dissociation energy is 35 kcal/mol which is
lower than most bonds
4How Antioxidants Work cont.
- Antioxidants inhibit auto-oxidation of the free
radical groups
- Antioxidants are usually phenol compounds
(aromatic ring with -OH group attached)
- Phenols make good radical scavengers because the
radical products are resonance-stabilized so they
are then non-reactive compare to other radicals
5Wine Antioxidants
Flavonols
6Wine Antioxidants cont.
Anthocyanins
7Wine Antioxidants cont.
Condensed Tannins
8Wine as a cholesterol detoxifier
- antioxidants help inhibit the oxidation and
cytotocicity of low-density lipoprotiens
Taken from www.kumc.edu
9LDL Uptake into cells
2. Receptor-LDL complex internalized by
endocytosis
3. Fusion with lysosomes--LDL hydrolyzed
4. Regulatory actions
Taken from Stryer Ed. 2 (p. 472)
10How LDL is Oxidized
Taken from www.kumc.edu
11How Atherosclerotic Lesions Occur in Arteries
Taken from www.kumc.edu
12Atherosclerotic Lesion cont.
Taken from www.kumc.edu
13Anticoagulant activity
Anthocyanosides
- Protective role on collagen structures
- Inhibit enzymes from breaking down collagen
- Supports existing collagen structures
14Anticoagulant Activity cont.
Proanthocyanidins
- Protect single layer cells of capillaries
- Reinforce collagen structures
15Vascular Relaxation
Quercitin Condensed Tannins
- Both have been shown to relax smooth muscle
surrounding rat aortic rings - Both believe to involve the NO-cGMP pathway
16NO-cGMP Pathway
- Known that the intracellular messenger for NO is
guanylate cyclase--which catalyzes cGMP
- cGMP then leads to an increase in protein kinase
G phosphorylation and smooth muscle relaxation
Taken from www.kumc.edu
17Differences in wine
- Red wine fermented with grape stems and skins
- White wines show lesser vascular relaxation
effects
- Thick versus thin skinned grapes
- Flavonol content higher in thick skin --quercetin
glycosides accumulate in skins - Grapes left on vine longer have higher flavonol
levels--skins usually thicker
18The Future?
- ActiVin--nutritional ingredient manufactured by
Inter Health
- Natural extract of red grape seeds, contains high
amounts of flavonoids - Powerful inhibitor of free radical -induced lipid
peroxidation
19References
Andriambeloson, Emile, Celine Magnier, Gisele
Haan-Archipoff, Annelise Lobstein, Robert Anton
Alain Beretz, Jean Claude Stoclet, and Ramaroson
Andriantsitohaina. Natural Dietary
Polyphenlolic Compounds Cause Endothelium-Dependen
t Vasorelaxation in Rat Thoracic Aorta Journal
of Nutrition 1998 Dec 128(12)
2324-33. Carper, Jean. The Ways of Wine are
Rosy. USA Weekend Online. Internet 1-3 Dec.
1995. Available http//www.usaweekend.com/healt
h/carper_archive/951203eat_smart_grapes.html Fess
enden, Ralph J. and Joan S.Fessenden. Organic
Chemistry. 4th Edition. Brooks/Cole Publishing
Company. 1990. Fitzpatrick, David P., Steven L.
Hirschfield, and Ronald G. Coffey.
Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxing activity of
wine and other grape products. American Journal
Of Physiology 265 (1993) H774-H778. Flesch,
Markus, Andreas Schwarz, and Michael Bohm.
Effects of red and white wine on
endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation of rat aorta
and human coronary arteries. American Journal
of Physiology 275 (1998) H1183-H1190.
20References cont.
Ghiselli, Andrea, Mirella Naradini, Alessandro
Baldi, and Cristina Scaccini. Antioxidant
Activity of Different Phenolic Fractions
Separated form an Italian Red Wine. Journal of
Agricultural and Food Chemistry 46(2) (1998)
361-367. McDonald, Morag S., Mark Hughes,
Jennifer Burns, Michael E. J. Lean, David
Matthews, and Alan Crozier. Survey of the Free
and Conjugated Myricetin and Quercetin Content
of Red Wines of Different Geographical Origins.
Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 46(2)
(1998) 368-375. Resveratrol and Red Grape
Skin Extract and Grape Seed Extract. Online.
Internet. 22 Feb. 1999. Available
http//www.healthxl.com/resveratrol.html Saura-Ca
lixto, Fulgencio. Antioxidant Dietary Fiber
Product A New Concept and a Potential Food
Ingredient. Journal of Agriculture and Food
Chemistry 46(10) (1998) 4303-4306. The
Secret of the French Paradox. ACTIVIN Online.
Internet 22 Feb. 1999. Available
http//www.uaslabs.com/activin.html Styer,
Lubert. Biochemistry. 2nd Edition. W.H.
Freeman and Company. 1981.