MAG in Belize, 1997

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Part B Know your fossils. Identification
Phylum Porifera P? - R - Sponges

• Etymology (L) porus, pore, hole ferre, to
  bear
• Cell Grade or organization ( primitive
  multicellular)

MAG in Belize, 1997
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Life History (sexual asexual stages)

1. Sexual

• Hermaphroditic - Male female gametes in 1
  individual
• larvae must settle on hard substrate 1st

1. Asexual Budding - portions break off grow

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Morphology
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Basic Water Flow Pathway (sedentary filter
feeder)

• Ostia diameter small enough to keep out sediment
• 2. Waste exits osculum

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Spicule Formation

• Sponge Preservation
• Spicules
• "Mud-Mud" Cast

Diagrams from Levin, History of Life, 2005
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Activity Time Find the sponges (Porifera) in
your box!
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Sponges 6 Hindia (Astylospongia) 10 -
Asteospongia meniscus
from TN
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• Stromotoporoids - sometimes put in this group or
  own class.
• no siliceous spicules however layered calcareous
  mass only
• surface / "star-shaped" canals called
  "astrorhizae" for excurrent opening
• water doesn't move through entire mound, only
  living layer
• built small reefs in Pz

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Activity Time Find the Stromatoporoid in your
box!
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Stromotoporoids 12 Actinostroma expansum
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Phylum Cnideria (Corals Jellyfish)
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Phylum Cnidaria or Coelenterata P? R

• Etymology Coelenterata koilos hollow
  enteron intestine
• Cnidaria Grk "knide" nettle

Phylum Characteristics

• single body cavity / 1 opening
• radial symmetry (Why?) B/c prey approaches from
  all directions.
• usually with tentacles
• specialized stinging cells (nematocysts) fired by
  cnidoblast for defense.

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Types
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Order Tabulata (Extinct)
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Order Rugosa (Horn Corals) (Extinct)
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Orders Scleractina (Hexacorals) Octacorallia
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Reef Guild Through Geologic Time
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Activity Time Find the corals (Cnidaria) in
your box!
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Tabulate Corals 13 Striatopora iowensis
Solitary Horn Rugose Corals 4 Streptolasma
planumbona 15 Blothrophyllum greeni 18
Zaphrenthis phrygia 19 Tubulophylum sp. 24
Lophophyllidium proliferum 26 Thysanophyllum
princeps
Colonial Rugose Corals 9 Plasmopora follis
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Phylum Ectoprocta or Bryozoa Moss Animals
O-R

• all colonial w/ retractable lophophore tentacle
  ring

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3 Basic Zooecium Types
Tubular Zooecia (Pz forms) Box-like Zooecia (Mz
Cz forms)
Fan-shaped
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Stenolaemata Trepostomata

• Ordovician Triassic, 200 genera
• Formed massive, irregular, thick-branched colonies

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Lacy Bryozoans
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Activity Time Find the bryozoa (Ectoprocts)
in your box!
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Ectoproct - Bryozoa 3 Batostmella jamesi 22
Archimedes sp. 23 Tritachypora sp.
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Potty Break Time But wait! You have a Potty
Homework Assignment!
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Phylum Brachiopoda (Lamp Shells)
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• Phylum Brachiopoda (? - R) ("arm-foot")
• common name "lamp shells" from resemblance to
  Biblical lamps
• possess lophophore for feeding and respiration
• bivalved shell (dorso-ventral or "through the
  valves" symmetry)

Spiriferid Brachiopod Spiral Lophophore
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Basic Brachiopod Morphology
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Articulates

• stabilizing features
• flat profile
• posterior thickening
• spines cement
• strophic hinge line

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Activity Time Find the Brachiopods in your
box!
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Brachiopods 2 Strophomena planumbona 5
Rhynchotrema minnestense 8 Homeospira evax 14
Microspirifer sp. 16 Tropidoleptus carinatus 28
Dictyoclostus bassi 29 Pugnoides triassica 36
Kingena wacoensis
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Phylum MolluscaClass GastropodaClass
CephalopodaClass PelecypodaClass Scaphopoda
Ordovician Cephalopods
Ordovician Gastropods
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Class Gastropoda Morphology

• Etymology gaster, stomach poda, foot
  stomach foot

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Class Bivalvia / Pelecypoda / Lamellibranchia
Morphology

• Etymology pelekus, ax or hatchet poda,
  foot stomach foot

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Bivalve Ecology
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Basic Cephalopod Morphology

• Etymology cephale, head poda, foot head
  foot

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Sutures
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Schaphite
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Nautiloid
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Belemnite
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Activity Time Find the Mollusca in your box
sort by class.
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Gastropod Mollusks 11 Platystoma sp. 21
Glabrocingulum ellenae 34 Admetopsis
subfusiformis 37 Goniobasis simsoni 42 Conus
spuroides 43 Calliomphalus sp. 44 Cancellaria
conradiana
Cephalopod Mollusks 7 Orthoceras sp. 31
Ammonite
Scaphopod Mollusks 40 Dentalium sexangulare
Pelecypod Mollusks 32 Pycnodonta newberryi
(oyster) 33 Ilmatogyra arietina (oyster) 45
Macoma groelandica
from TN
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Phylum Arthropoda
Eurypterids Sea Scorpions
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Trilobites
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Xiphosurids Horseshoe Crabs
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Decapod Crustacean
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Coon Creek Formation (K)
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Crustacean Morphology Crabs, Shrimps, Lobsters
LETS EAT!
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OUCH! Hexapods that sting Myriapods that bite!
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Trilobite Arthropods 1 Peronopsis interstrictus
(agnostid) 17 Kainops sp.
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Phylum Echinodermata

• Etymology echinos, hedgehog or spiny
  derma, skin
• Entirely marine (mostly stenohaline narrow
  range of salinities)
• Pentameral symmetry (echinoids have bilateral
  symmetry superposed onto pentameral)
• Mostly benthic
• No eyes, circulatory system, excretory system,
  excretory system
• Possess Water Vascular System internal
  apparatus of tubes bladders

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Sprinkle
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Class Blastoidea
Etymology blastos, bud eidos, form
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Class Ophiuroida (Brittle Stars)
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Class Ophiuroida (Brittle Stars)
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Class Asteroidea
Etymology aster, star eidos, form
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Class Echinoidea
Etymology echinos, hedgehog eidos, form
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Class Holothurioidea Sea Cucumbers
Etymology holothurion, water-polyp
eidos, form
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Activity Time Find the Echinoderms in your box
sort by type!
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Echinoderms 20 Pentremites sp. 25 Crinoid
columnal
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Phylum Hemichordata Graptolites O-M, R?
Etymology (Grk.) graptos lithos
writing on rock

• Marine
• Possess a notochord-like structure, hence called
  hemichordates, BUT it is actually a tubular
  structure connected to mouth (not homologous?)

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Spindle Diagram of Major Invertebrate Taxa
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Activity Time What is left over?
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27 Pisolite (algae) 30 Reptile (dinosaur?)
(bone) 35 Cupressinoxylon sp. (petrified
wood) 38 Nummulites laevigatus
(foraminifera) 39 Brontotherium sp. (mammal
bone) 41 Myliobatus pachydon (sting ray dental
plate)
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Questions?