SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT

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SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT

• DR. KIRIT N SHELAT
• I.A.S (RTD)
• Emailkiritshelat_at_hotmail.com
• Presented at ACABC-Workshop
• At Dantiwada Agricultural University
• Dantiwada on 24th April 2009.

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SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT

• SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT - I
• OVER VIEW - II
• GUJARAT EXPERIENCE - III
• CURRENT SCENE - IV
• OPPORTUNITIES - V
• COCLUSION - VI

3
DEVELOPMENT - I

• Development is the process whereby human beings
  try to shape and reshape he natural environment.
  A process directed essentially towards improving
  the living standard of rural poor.
• The development programme for rural areas has
  therefore two components 
• Economic agenda to improve the economic status of
  majority of people who are poor by brining them
  outside poverty.
•  
• Provision of minimum basic social Insfrasture
  that is road, water supply, education, credit
  services, power, irrigation etc

4
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

• Sustainable development is a pattern of resource
  use that aims to meet human needs while
  preserving the environment so that these needs
  can be met not only in the present, but in the
  indefinite future
•  
• sustainable development as development that
  "meets the needs of the present without
  compromising the ability of future generations to
  meet their own needs.

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SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENTAGRICULTURE
INCLUDES

• Agriculture Crops
• Horticulture crops
• Live stock
• - Cattle
• - Poultry
• - Pig
• - Horse
• - Donkey
• - Sheep goats 
• Bee Keeping
• Agro Forestry and Grasses
• Fisheries

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OVER VIEW - II

• On July2, 2006, Prime Minister of India, Shri
  Manmohan Singh visited the Vidarbha region of
  Maharashtra.
• The purpose of the visit was to meet farmers
•  
• Region affected by suicides by farmers
• In one year more than 800 deaths due to suicide
• Similar situation prevails in other progressive
  states like Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and
  Punjab.
• More than 10,000 suicides by farmers between
  2001-06

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THE STATUS OF INDIAN ECONOMY

•  
• Indian economy doing extremely well
• The rate of growth of GDP around 8
• Poverty in rural areas declined from 80 prior to
  independence to 20
• Country was depending on imports in the initial
  years, since it has attained self-sufficiency,
  in food grains.
• Total production of food grains reached 204.6
  million tonnes.
• Over all growth in agriculture
• Despite all this, farmers suicides ?

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THE FARMERS SUCIDE AND NAXALISM 

• In the same village, with similar land condition,
  with same crop, one farmer makes profits,
• The other commits suicide
• Not all farmers commit suicide
• The young farmers are educated
• They take other means and wed Naxalism
• Naxalism not a new movement but has taken new
  roots in many parts of the country.
• In 2003 55 districts, 2004 150 districts,
  2006 170 district 1/3 of the country covered.
• Young persons prefer brutalism rather than
  committing suicide even if that has risk to their
  life.
• Naxalism is a major challenge to democratic
  system.
• Problem not only of agriculture but is a time
  bomb clicking which can damage the basic fabric
  of our constitution
• CONCLUSION
• Over all economy growing but Agriculture left
  behind. Agri occupies 60 of total working
  population disparities between rural and urban
  growing
• With Agri sector some are growing and others left
  behind.

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THE PAST EXPERIENCE 

•    Past experience of early 70s
• Green revolution brought fruits to farmers, but
  poor small and marginal farmers did not benefit.
• There were riots in rural areas of our country
• The Government of India introduced special
  programme for assistance of small and marginal
  farmers SFDA programme.(1975-80)
• This was followed by Integrated Rural Development
  Programme (IRDP). (1980) National Extension
  Programme also strengthened.
• Focus on individual poor family, particularly
  farmers and artisans. VLW responsible for
  providing technical assistance to poor farmers.
• Special subsidy provided to obtain productive
  assets and inputs with back up bank credit. The
  programme has great success poverty decline
  small and marginal farmers benefited.
• But there were left out more than 20 on average
• In some areas this proportion is more.
• The left-out of development process needed
  continuous attention.
•  
•  

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THE LEFT OUT OF DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

• In 90s, focus of IRDP programme shifted
• Focus changed to non-farm activities
• It obtained new banner of SgSy SgRy
• Poor farmers no longer received special
  individual attention.
• Programme moved to non farm activities, Self Help
  Groups
• The farmers left out of development process, not
  paid attention and continued to remain poor.
• This is a very large segment
• NSSO report on farmers indicated high debt ratio
• Andhra Pradesh - 82
• Tamil Nadu - 72
• Punjab - 65
• Kerala - 64
• Karnataka - 61
• Gujarat - 51
• The VLWs and Extension team did not bother about
  poor farmers.
• Focus shifted to farmers who can obtain
  assistance on their own.

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FARMERSFINDINGS BY NSS-59TH ROUND PUBLISHED IN
JULY 2005

• All India Level
•  
• Awareness of technical and institutional
  development 18
• Farmers liking farming 60
• Seed replacement 30
• Using testing Labs for seeds, fertilizer etc 2
• Accessing knowledge about technology 40
•  
• From Extension Administration 21
• Input dealers 23

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AVAILABILITY OF TECHNICAL MANPOWER FOR
AGRICULTURE

• Only 207 colleges in the country
• Yearly intake
• Undergraduate Postgraduate PhD
• 10049 570 1544
•  
• Other disciplines Intakes
•  
• Science 2031100
• Engineering and Technology 716700
• Medicine 313500
•  

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THE LEFT OUT OF DEVELOPMENT
PROCESS

• Left out poor farmers dont have access to new
  technology and information
• Extension Administration did not bother about
  poor farmers
• Lack of control on quality seeds and inputs and
  basic guidance for selection of crop to be grown
  in rain fed areas based on soil health.
• There can be many other reasons like mortgage of
  land by farmers to private money lenders/local
  dealers and so on and so forth.
• Poor farmers started copying the wealthy farmers
  who had water resource and new technology, and
  failed.
• Result farmers suicide spread of Naxalism
•  

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THE GUJARAT EXPERIENCE - III

•      Gujarat provides a replicable experience
• It is against this background that experiences of
  Gujarat of last four years need to be seen.
• Gujarat has achieved sustainable agricultural
  growth at an average of 11 per annum in recent
  years.(2001-05)
• Gujarat, despite constraints of arid and semi
  arid agro climatic regions and uncertain
  monsoons, has become number one state in the
  country in agriculture sector.
• Gujarat does not have any suicide by farmers on
  account of crop failure. It does not have
  Naxalite areas. Initial efforts to spread it in
  district like Dangs have failed.
• It is important to realize that prior to year
  2000, Gujarats agriculture had growth but it was
  slow. It had a number of years with negative
  growth. After 2000, the situation changed.
  Agriculture became stable and picked up
  momentum. 

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EXTENSION ADMINISTRATION REFORMS GUJARAT
EXPERIENCEOVER VIEW

• Gujarat Agriculture prior to year 2001 had
  erratic growth
• There were years of minus growth rate
• In good years agriculture had 3 to 4 growth
  rate
• There were number of constraints
• Recurrent droughts
• Salinity ingress
• Irregular monsoon
• Water table going down

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EXTENSION ADMINISTRATION

• Director Agriculture in overall change
• Dy.Director at district level with Assist.
  Directors
• No middle level officer at Taluka level
• VLW at village level shared with Rural
  Development Deptt. VLW working under TDO
• Agricultural University with four campuses. Its
  Extension Director basically responsible for
  Extension education.
• Joint meeting with Agriculture Universalities for
  Extension messages.
• On an average common crop practices was advocated
  despite eight Agro Climatic Zones.

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STATE VISION-DISTRICT-TALUKA PLAN 2001-2005

• An Agro-Vision plan prepared in the year 2000
• For the first time in 2003 district level and
  taluka level production targets were given.
• Disparities within districts and within talukas
  brought out
• Crop pattern analyses
• Involvement of Agri.Scientists and District
  Administration
• District level committee set-up under DDO for
  Agri.Sector planning and monitoring. All
  functionaries related to Agriculture brought
  under committee.
• Senior Agri. Scientist appointed for District
  level planning
• Junior Agri.Scientist appointed for each taluka

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THE GUJARAT EXPERIENCE- WATER CONSERVATION

• A massive programme of construction of check dams
  was taken up across the state with 60 subsidy
  which has increased to 80, later on. More than
  60,000 check dams were constructed. In last 50
  years, the number was less than 6000.
• A programme of village ponds was taken up in
  villages where check dams were not feasible.
• Inter-linking of rivers was taken up. Narmada
  Canal and Mahi Canal were connected with
  Sabarmati River to make irrigation available to
  more areas.
• A programme of construction of farm ponds on
  farmers field was initiated.
• In areas, where Narmada Canal was not feasible
  special scheme of irrigation called Sujlam
  Suflam was launched.
• All these water conservation measures are backed
  by drip irrigation scheme with 50 subsidy up to
  Rs.50000 per ha. And Bank loan of 45, for
  remaining amount.

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GUJARAT EXPERIENCE MICRO LEVEL PLANNING

• Micro level planning introduced
• Village level agriculture production plan
  prepared
• Taluka level agriculture production plan prepared
• One scientist is allocated for one taluka level
  team for assistance and preparation of plan.
• Agricultural scientist moves to the villages
• Detailed manual for farm practice for agriculture
  and horticulture provided to farmers of every
  villages.
• Toll free guidance system provided to farmers
  queries
• On and average 30,000 farmers approach for
  guidance on telephone
• Guidance provided by director of agriculture,
  director of horticulture, agricultural
  universities.
•  
•  

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SCIENTIFIC AGRICULTURE

• Scientific agriculture is introduced
• Sustainable crops based on soil health, moisture
  analyses recommended.
• Soil Health Card provided to farmers every year.
• From one village 50 farmers provided card every
  year.
• More than 16,00,000 cards distributed
• Computerized information network developed for
  soil health analyses and data on rain fed and
  market information.
• The farmers can choose sustainable crops based on
  quality of land, moistures and advise about
  nutrient required to be provided.

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SPECIAL PROGRAMME FOR POOR FARMERS

• Special programme for poor farmers introduced.
  From every year 15 poorest farmers selected by
  Gram Sabha for special assistance for every
  village
• The farmers have to be provided kit of approx.
  Rs.1500/-
• Kit consists of quality seeds, fertilizer and
  agriculture equipments
• Farmers assisted for horticultural, agricultural
  and animal husbandry related requirements.
• Every year 2,70,000 farmers covered.

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RE-STRUCTURING OF AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT

• Agricultural departments re-structured. Four
  Agricultural Universities come into existence to
  meet the requirements based on agri. climatic
  zone.
• Directorate of Agri. horticulture
  re-structured with clear responsibility and
  allocation extension team at taluka level
  (originally it is based on district level).
• VLW separated from rural development activities
  and made special responsible for agricultural
  activities.
• Special veterinary team introduced for animal
  husbandry programme.
• Co-operative Milk Union activities under NDDB
  introduced in Saurashtra region.

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New Extension Approach for Integrated
Agriculture Development for removal of poverty
has added to these efforts under Krishi Mahostav
Management Model - A pre-Kharif campaign

• A series of measures were taken to bring farmers
  in the centre of the village for all activities
  related to them
• District Admn. Including Collector, DDO moved to
  villages
• CM himself reviewed programmes and conducted
  day-to-day video conference.
• Scientists were moved to villages and farmers to
  be assisted and guided at their doorstep.
• Village micro level agriculture production plan
  came into existence.
• More than 12 lakh farmers were provided soil
  health card with written guidance on balanced use
  of fertilizer and alternative crops they can take
  up based on scientific analysis and guidance by
  exports.
• VLW moved back to agriculture extension from
  rural development work and were made responsible
  for village level plan and Soil Health Card
  Programme.

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New Extension Approach for Integrated Agriculture
Development for removal of poverty has added to
these efforts under Krishi Mahostav Management
A pre-Kharif campaign

• All departments that had anything to do with
  agriculture were brought together with a focus on
  farmers and agriculture.
• All 18,000 villages were visited during the
  month of May under Krishi Mahostav by district
  team along with Agriculture Scientists. There was
  demonstration of new technology for pre-kharif
  preparation for crops.
• 15 poorest farmers in every village were provided
  with free kits consisting of certified seeds,
  fertilizer, pesticides and tool kit. This is to
  be repeated every year. In all 2,70,000 poor
  farmers are covered every year. In five years, it
  will cover all poor farmers below poverty line.
• Each village has been provided a written book
  guidelines for agriculture and horticulture crops
  issues they can refer to and find a solution
• Toll free phone made popular for answering
  farmers queries, which do not find answer in
  above book.
• (Page 2)

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New Extension Approach for Integrated Agriculture
Development for removal of poverty has added to
these efforts under Krishi Mahostav Management
A pre-Kharif campaign

• Market information on commodity price is made
  available to farmers a data of average price of
  important crops provided at taluka and village
  level in micro level planning.
• All functionaries of agriculture, horticulture,
  animal husbandry, irrigation, revenue,
  cooperation and scientists were brought together
  to work at village level with the objective of
  providing and meeting needs of farmers at door
  steps in all 18,000 villages through unique
  management model developed and implemented under
  Krushi Mahotsav in 2005-2006.
• Agri infrastructure, including education,
  marketing and storage, credit and Agro-processing
  has been strengthened and focus on Animal
  Husbandry activities to provide additional source
  of income through all categories of animals and
  strengthen milk marketing through district
  co-operative Milk unions and NDDB.
•   (Page 3)

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THE GUJARAT EXPERIENCE

• The poor tribal farmers of tribal areas like
  Dahod under Vadi scheme, Chhota Udaipur under
  watershed programme, Dholvand of Vyara in
  comprehensive approach came out from shade of
  poverty and have smiling faces.
• The Milk Unions like Dhud Sagar Dairy making
  payment of Rs.3.0 crore for milk purchase from
  the village. There are villages with annual
  turnover between Rs.2.0 to 5.0 crore.
•  
• Gujarat is number one state in agriculture with
  11 growth per annum in last 5 years.

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NEW EXTENSION APPROACH - 1 FARMERS AS CENTRE
POINT    
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NEW EXTENSION APPROACH - 2
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NEW EXTENSION APPROACH - 3   FARMERS IN
CENTRE      
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SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FARMERS OF
DOLVAN-VAYRA-SURAT DISTRICT

• Dolvan region of Vyra Taluka of Surat District,
  spread over 20 villages is a tribal area.
• Domination of small and marginal farmers
• Farmer grows hillmillet, rice law income, low
  volume crops
• With initiative under leadership of District
  Development officer Mr. Sonwane, the situation
  changed.
• Following initiatives were taken
• Community irrigation constructed
• Micro credit from Bank of Baroda

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FARMERS OF DOLVAN-VAYRA-SURAT DISTRICT

(Contd .2)

• Self Help Groups of women training 120
• New crop Bhindi Ladies finger introduced
• Extension education provided by Navsari
  Agricultural University District Panchayat
• Field trails in district Panchayat Seed Farms
• Training provided to farmers under Farmers
  Training Centre of Director of Agriculture
• Marketing organized through DRDA scheme of Gram
  Haat
• Support of APMC and private efforts of Desai Cold
  Storage and others.

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FARMERS OF DOLVAN VYARA SURAT DISTRICT
(contd3)

• 2000 Hectors covered under Bhindi
• Bhindi introduced as a second crop
• Turn-over of more than 30 crore
• The farmers moved from poverty line and
  constructed their house
• Bought cycle, motor cycle, tractor and other
  basic facilities
• Overall growth in the villages.

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SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

• SOME STATISTICS OF GUJARAT

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Sector-wise Composition of Gross State
Domestic Product GSDP) at Constant (1993-94)
prices 
37
GSDP of constant (1993-94) Prices Annual growth
(in )  
GSDP of constant (1993-94) Prices Annual growth
(in )  
  Source Inter state comparison of GSDP of
Major States and GDP of All India (1993-94 to
2003-04), Government of Andhra Pradesh.  
38
GSDP of constant (1993-94) Prices Annual growth
(in )   (Page No.2)
 
39
Percentage of farmers households accessing
information on modern agricultural technology
through different sources.
40
Percentage of farmers household accessing modern
technology through major source in Gujarat state
and its comparison with national level
41
Extent of use, adequacy, timeliness and quality
of the resources (fertilizer, organic manure,
improved seeds and pesticides
42
  Gujarats economy has
accelerated its growth during each of last four
decades. The manufacturing
sector has grown at faster rates than
agriculture.
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LAND USE PATTERN
44
CASH CROP PATTERN OF GUJARAT
45
CHANGE IN CROP PATTERN
46
COMPARATIVE PRODUCTIVITY OF MAJOR FRUITS
VEGETABLES
47
STATE POSITION IN PRODUCTION


(kg/ha)
48
STATE POSITION IN PRODUCTION

(000 TONNES)
49
STATE POSITION IN PRODUCTIVITY (kg/ha)
50
STATE POSITION IN
PRODUCTION (000 tonnes)  
As per 2003-04 position
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GUJARATCURRENT ECONOMIC STATUS - GSDP
AT CURRENT PRICES
RS. IN CRORES
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CURRENT SCENE INDIA AND WORLD- IV

• Population 1.13 billion (2007)
• Federal State with 28 States and 7 Union
  Territories
• GDP USD1.2 trillion (2007)
• External Trade USD 528 billion (2007)
• Forex Reserves USD 247 billion (end Nov 2008)
• Market capitalisation (as end Nov 2008) USD 560
  billion (50 of GDP).
• By Prof. Mukul Asher- Overview of Indian
  Economy

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• India has one-third the land mass of the United
  States and nearly four times its population.
• India constitutes nearly 17 percent of the
  worlds population, but even in PPP terms its GDP
  share is only 5 percent.

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PRCENTAGE OF WORLD GDP (last 500 years)

• Historically Indian share of world GDP was 25 in
  the year 1500, it was 24 in 1700, which came
  down to 16 in the year 1800, but in 1900 it came
  to 9, in 1950 it was 4 and in the year 2000
  India has 5 share.
•  
• In the year 2000, USA has 22, China 12,
  Western Europe 21, Latin America 8, Japan 7
  and all other countries 25.
• This is based on estimate made by Angus Maddison,
  University of Groningen.

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Demographic Indicators in selected Asian and OECD
countries

• If we look at Demographic Indicators, it is very
  interesting to note that India has highest
  percentage of young people in the world and this
  will continue to by so for almost four decades
• As we will see from ensuing slides, the
  percentage of population aged 60 and above in
  the year 2006 is 8, which will be 21 in the
  year 2050. While in Japan, at present it is 27,
  which will increase to 42. In USA it is 17,
  which will increase to 26. In Germany it is 25,
  which will increase to 33. In UK it is 21 and
  which will increase to 29.

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Demographic Indicators in selected Asian and OECD
countries
(contd .2)

• This opens wide opportunities for young persons
  within India and abroad. The developed world of
  today will find increasing shortage of young
  persons to men their technical and non-technical
  jobs.
•  
• This is also a challenge, simultaneously as
  India will have to find job for its large
  segment to young generation and must meet its
  aspirations to have prosperity.

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25
23
24
16
3
13
4
9
57
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New Jobs in the World Economy 2005-2020
Source Economist Intelligence Unit
59
Table 2 Demographic Indicators in selected Asian
and OECD countries
Calculated from Population Division of the
Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the
United Nations Secretariat, World Population
Prospects The 2004 Revision and World
Urbanization Prospects The 2003 Revision,
http//esa.un.org/unpp, 11 October 2006 114626
PM.
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AGRICULTURE AN OVER ALL VIEWINTERNATIONAL SCENE

• World wide, there is a sharp increase in price of
  food crops like rice, wheat and edible oils.
• Due to above, average growth of world economy
  with several countries like India and China which
  has large population growing rapidly and with
  increase in per capita income, there is increased
  demand for food and energy.
• There is increasing urbanization in all over the
  world, which has reduced agriculture land supply.
• Introduction of Bio-fuel crops has diverted
  agriculture land for energy needs of developed
  world.
• Above factors increased demand for food and food
  products, all over the world while there is a
  decline in its production and its availability

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INDIA CAN USE THIS OPPORTUNITY- V

•  Share of arable land in the world 11.5 (only
  second to USA)
• Scope for improving yield in major crops
• Current growth rate only 2 to 4
• INDIAS YIELD PER HA OF WORLD AVERAGE (DATE 2004)
•   
• Paddy 75
• Wheat 63
• Cereals 73
• Pulses 79
• Soya 48
• Maize 38
•  
• In cotton we have reached world highest yield
  in Gujarat
• Strategy to reach first world average yield, and
  thereafter world highest yield in selected crops,
  which are suitable to our agro climatic
  conditions.
•  
•  
•  

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THE FUTURE ESTIMATEAgro-Food Cereals
63
Agro-Food Fruits Vegetables
64
THE FUTURE POSSIBLE AGRICULURE SECNE
Agro-Food Milk
65
NEED OF THE DAY

• Resources
• - Labour (Human skills and capacities)
• - Capital (Man-made instruments of
  production)
• Use of Knowledge economy and Technology
  organizational and managerial capabilities to
  enhance the growth

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What is a knowledge economy?

• Systematic application of various sub-branches of
  knowledge to a given activity.
• 1. Using computer to control Drip Irrigation
  System.
• 2. Reducing the proportion of chilies which
  are curved
• rather than straight.
• 3. Conversion of wastelands into productive
  use by modern water management methods and
  agricultural practices and identification of
  crops suitable to such land based on
  international experiences.

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KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY

• Knowledge economy in this context requires
  different branches of understanding know-how and
  know-why relevant for production distribution
  and consumption and apply same for Agriculture
  Animal Husbandry Management through out the
  country.
• It needs to be applied for increasing yield per
  hector based on scientific agriculture, improving
  post-harvesting technology to reduces wastages
  and improving efficiency in agriculture supply
  chain.
• This also requires increased investment in
  agriculture sector, which has been in decline.

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KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY

• This will also require use of wide area network,
  Internet facility and computer network and
  resource centers which provide information at
  village level of wide range of data to farmers.
  This could include data related to soil health
  analysis and problem solving through agricultural
  universities net work, market data, trade
  contracts so on and so forth.
• Network of agricultural universities and research
  centers must be inter-linked with computer
  network at village level for its application at
  grass root level.  

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CONCULSION - VI

• All these are opening up opportunities for young
  persons.
• Particularly young people who are involved in
  agriculture and who have expertise in agriculture
  as there is shortage of this manpower
• At International level, there is a demand for
  agriculture produce and food.There will be
  increasing out souring of services.
• Gujarat has in recent years tremendous growth
  in agriculture. The existing processing capacity
  is not enough in for various agriculture crops
  like cotton, castor, horticultural crops which
  include mangoes, sapota, chilies, onion, garlic
  and spices even flowers.
• There is increasing demand of mechanized
  agriculture and protected agriculture . This has
  opened up opportunities for Agro Service Centers
  of different kind.

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Conclusion
(contd2)

• Such centers can provide services on turn key
  basis for micro irrigation system, low cost
  nursery, provide custom hiring of tractors and
  sprayers and like.
• This could also include repairs and renovation
  of agricultural equipments.
• There is increasing demand of better quality of
  seeds, right kind of fertilizer and pesticides to
  be used. Farmers could be guided on such subjects
  with increase income of farmers.
• Knowledge economy application to agriculture also
  provide new opportunities.

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CONCLUSION

• Gujarat 3 phase electric power is available at
  village GAMTAL with which primary processing
  activities can be started in any village centre.
• Buyers pay good price for clean and graded
  product, cleaning, grading packaging unit can
  be set up. There are number of buyers like
  Reliance, Tatas, Birlas, ITC who deal in food
  vegetable products. Procurement centre could be
  set up with their collaboration
• Knowledge economy methods could be used to
  manage all these efficiently and economically.
• The young persons must rise and grab the
  opportunities.