PROC TABULATE

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PROC TABULATE

• SAS Users Group Maine

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01 Multiple Choice Poll

• What is your experience with the TABULATE
  procedure?
• I have never used the procedure.
• I seldom use the procedure.
• I often use this procedure.
• I have seen PROC TABULATE code that other people
  use.
• Other.

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Sample PROC TABULATE Output

• These two versions of the same summary report
  show the count of the Order_Type variable
  grouped by Order_Date and Customer_Country.

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The TABULATE Procedure

• The TABULATE procedure produces
• summary reports based on class variables and
  analysis variables
• output that is tabular in structure
• statistics that are calculated based on the class
  and analysis variables specified for the table.

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PROC TABULATE Statement

• The PROC TABULATE statement invokes the
  procedure. Selected options for the PROC TABULATE
  statement alter the format used for all the data
  cells or affect other aspects of the report
  (missing values or style of data cells).
• General form of the PROC TABULATE statement

PROC TABULATE DATAlibref.filename
FORMATw.d
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TABULATE Procedure Features

• The TABULATE syntax enables you to specify the
  output table dimensions (PAGE, ROW, COLUMN) and
  the table structure, based on the table operators
  you use.
• Within the TABULATE syntax, a universal class
  variable (ALL) enables you to obtain totals in
  any dimension.
• An extensive group of keyword statistics are also
  available for analysis.
• Before the TABULATE procedure can build the
  table, the variables in the table must be
  identified as analysis or class variables.

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Sample PROC TABULATE Output

• Table dimensions are page, row, and column.

Column
Page
Row
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Model Syntax for the TABULATE Procedure
PROC TABULATE DATASASdataset CLASS
classification-variable(s) VAR
analysis-variable(s) TABLE
page-dimension,
row-dimension,
column-dimension RUN
The CLASS and VAR statements tell PROC TABULATE
how to use the variables. The TABLE statement
tells PROC TABULATE how to arrange the variables
in a table. All of the variables in the TABLE
statement must appear in either the VAR statement
or the CLASS statement.
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PROC TABULATE Statements
The TABLE statement is required, accompanied by
either a VAR statement, or a CLASS statement, or
both.
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Additional PROC TABULATE Statements

• Other SAS statements also work within a PROC
  TABULATE step

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The CLASS Statement
You can use multiple CLASS statements.
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CLASS Statement

• The CLASS statement specifies one or more
  variables that the TABULATE procedure uses to
  group the data.
• Class variables can be either character or
  numeric
• Class variables can have continuous values, but
  they typically have a few discrete values that
  define the classifications of the variable.
• You do not have to sort the data by class
  variables.

General form of the CLASS statement
CLASS classification-variable(s)
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Setup for the Poll

• Consider the following hypothetical variables and
  their values

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02 Multiple Answer Poll

• Which of the following variables are most likely
  to be used as class variables to set categories
  for PROC TABULATE?
• Price
• Type
• Country
• Date
• Year

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02 Multiple Answer Poll Correct Answer

• Which of the following variables are most likely
  to be used as class variables to set categories
  for PROC TABULATE?
• Price
• Type
• Country
• Date
• Year

class type country
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Alternative Class Variables
price
type
country
date
year

• The variables date and year could also be used in
  a CLASS statement.
• Although date and year are numeric, they can be
  used as class variables. The variable date is a
  SAS date variable, so you might want to use a
  format to group your date values into other units
  of time such as year, month, or quarter.

class date year
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Alternative Class Variables
price
type
country
date
year

• The variable price could also be used in a CLASS
  statement.
• However, because it contains continuous values
  you might want to set categories for price.
• A user-defined format would enable you to
  classify price into categories such as Under 50
  or Over 50.

class price
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The VAR Statement
You can use multiple VAR statements.
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VAR Statement

• The VAR statement identifies which variables are
  used for analysis.
• Analysis variables are numeric variables for
  which the TABULATE procedure calculates
  statistics.
• The values of an analysis variable can be
  continuous or discrete.
• Only numeric variables can be used in a VAR
  statement.

VAR analysis-variable(s)
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Setup for the Poll

• Consider the following hypothetical variables and
  their values.

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03 Multiple Choice Poll

• Which variable is most likely to be used in a
  VAR statement for analysis (such as SUM or MEAN)
  with PROC TABULATE?
• Price
• Type
• Country
• Date
• Year

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03 Multiple Choice Poll Correct Answer

• Which variable is most likely to be used in a
  VAR statement for analysis (such as SUM or MEAN)
  with PROC TABULATE?
• Price
• Type
• Country
• Date
• Year

var price
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Alternative VAR Variables
date
year
15JAN2004 23FEB2006 15APR2007 11JUN2007
2004 2005 2006
The variables date and year could also be used
for analysis. SAS date variables are numeric
variables, so they can be used in a VAR
statement. However, it is unlikely that you would
ever find the MEAN or SUM of year.
var date year
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The TABLE Statement
You can use multiple TABLE statements within one
PROC TABULATE step, as long as all the variables
used by all of the TABLE statements appear in the
CLASS and VAR statements for the step.
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TABLE Statement Operators

• Almost all TABLE statement syntax uses table
  operators.

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TABLE Statement Dimensions

• The TABLE statement enables you to specify how
  the variables will be arranged in the table
  structure.
• The TABLE statement specifies which variable, or
  variable and statistics, appear in which table
  dimension.

TABLE row-dimension,
column-dimension
TABLE column-dimension
Column
Row
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Simple One-Dimensional Table Example

• This TABLE statement puts Order_Type values in
  the column dimension with the default statistic
  of N shown for each Order_Type.

Column
class order_type table order_type
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Simple Two-Dimensional Table Example

• This TABLE statement puts Order_Type values in
  the row and the sum of Quantity in the column for
  each Order_Type. The table operator in this
  example is a comma (,).

Column
class order_type var quantity table
order_type, quantity
Row
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Three-Dimensional TABLE Statement
Page
Column
TABLE page-dimension,
row-dimension, column-dimension
Row

• The TABLE statement specifies the table structure
  for variable names, keyword statistics with table
  operators. It is possible to have one-, two-, or
  three-dimensional tables. The table operator in
  this example is the comma (,).

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Simple Three-Dimensional Table Example

• This TABLE statement puts Order_Type values in
  the column dimension, the Customer_Country values
  in the row dimension and the year of each
  Order_Date in the page dimension. The statistic
  shown is the count, or N statistic.

Column
Page
class customer_country order_type var
quantity table order_date,
customer_country, order_type
Row
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Required Statements

• All of the variables in the TABLE statement must
  appear in either the CLASS statement or the VAR
  statement.
• If you did not have Order_Type in a CLASS
  statement, you would receive the following error
  message in the SAS log
• If you did not have Quantity in a VAR statement,
  you would receive the following error message

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About the Data

• The data set used is orion.customer_orders.
• A subset of orders in 2005, 2006, and 2007 are
  selected from the above file to enable focus on
  table structure.
• The name of the subset data file is orders.
• User-defined formats are used for several of the
  variables.

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Data Set Contents and Formats

• Three variables have user-defined formats
  assigned

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CLASS and TABLE Statement Example
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Review One-Dimensional Table Example

• This TABLE statement puts Order_Type values in
  the column dimension with the default statistic
  of N shown for each Order_Type. There are no
  table operators in this example.

proc tabulate dataorders class order_type
table order_type run
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CLASS and TABLE Statements

• Customer_country is in the column dimension.
• The default statistic for the class variable is
  N.
• Without a VAR statement, there is no analysis
  variable.

proc tabulate dataorders class
customer_country table customer_country run
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VAR and TABLE Statement Example
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VAR and TABLE Statements
proc tabulate dataorders var quantity
table quantity run

• Quantity is in the column dimension.
• The default statistic for the analysis variable
  is SUM.
• Without a class variable to set groups, 1661.00
  is the sum of all the quantity values in the SAS
  data subset.

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Common TABLE Statement Operators
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CLASS, VAR, and TABLE Statements

• Customer_country is in the row dimension.
• Quantity is in the column dimension.
• The comma operator causes the table to have more
  than one dimension.

proc tabulate dataorders class
customer_country var quantity table
customer_country, quantity run
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Comma Operator Example
proc tabulate dataorders class
customer_country order_type table
customer_country, order_type run

• Customer_country is in the row dimension.
• Order_type is in the column dimension.
• The comma operator causes the table to have more
  than one dimension.

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Comma Operator
Column
Page
Row
table order_date, customer_country,
quantity
2 commas3 dimensions
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Setup for the Poll

• Given the following table examples, determine
  which dimension goes in the blank.

table customer_country
1.
no commas ________ dimension
table customer_country, order_type
2.
one comma _______ and _______ dimensions
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04 Multiple Choice Poll

• With NO commas, what will the table dimension be?
• Page
• Row
• Column

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04 Multiple Choice Poll Correct Answer

• With NO commas, what will the table dimension be?
• Page
• Row
• Column

If you work backward from the semicolon, you
can always determine the correct dimension.
C
table customer_country
1.
column
no commas ________ dimension
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05 Multiple Choice Poll

• With ONE comma, what will the table dimensions
  be?
• Page and Row
• Page and Column
• Row and Column

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05 Multiple Choice Poll Correct Answer

• With ONE comma, what will the table dimensions
  be?
• Page and Row
• Page and Column
• Row and Column

R
C
2.
table customer_country, order_type
row column
one comma _______ and _______ dimensions
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05 Poll Review

• If you work backward from the semicolon, you can
  always determine the correct dimension.

C
table customer_country
1.
column
no commas ________ dimension
R
C
2.
table customer_country, order_type
row column
one comma _______ and _______ dimensions
P
C
R
table customer_country, order_type, quantity
3.
page row column
two commas _______, _______, and _______
dimensions
two commas _______, _______, and _______
dimensions
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Table Defaults

• This two-dimensional table shows all the
  defaults default labels, default formats,
  default statistic names.
• Even though you do not specify a statistic, the
  default statistic for an analysis variable is SUM.

proc tabulate dataorders class
customer_country var quantity table
customer_country, quantity run
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PROC TABULATE Statement Options

• The FORMAT (or F) option in the PROC TABULATE
  statement alters the format used for all the data
  cells. Other options affect different aspects of
  the report (missing values or style of data
  cells).

PROC TABULATE DATAlibref.filename FORMATw.d

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Format Specification in TABULATE Statement

• PROC TABULATE supports the F or FORMAT option.
  When specified in the PROC TABULATE statement,
  this option controls the formats of the data
  cells.

proc tabulate dataorders fcomma6. class
customer_country var quantity table
customer_country, quantity label
customer_country 'Location' quantity
'Quantity' keylabel Sum 'Total' run
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PROC TABULATE Statements

• Other SAS statements also work within a PROC
  TABULATE step

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Using the LABEL Statement

• The LABEL statement is supported by the TABULATE
  procedure, as with other SAS procedures. You
  specify a text string to use as the label
  forthe variable, which in TABULATEoutput
  becomes the columnheader label or the row
  headerlabel.

proc tabulate dataorders fcomma6. class
customer_country var quantity table
customer_country, quantity label
customer_country 'Location' quantity
'Quantity' keylabel Sum 'Total' run
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Additional PROC TABULATE Statements

• Other SAS statements also work within a PROC
  TABULATE step

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Using the KEYLABEL Statement

• The KEYLABEL statement can provide a label for
  keyword statistics or can suppress the appearance
  of the keyword statistics as a header.

keylabel Sum 'Total'
keylabel Sum ' '
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The BLANK Table Operator
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Blank Operator
proc tabulate dataorders class
customer_age_group table customer_age_group
all run
The universal class variable all summarizes all
of the categories for class variables in the same
dimension. customer_age_group and all are in the
column dimension.
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Blank Operator
proc tabulate dataorders class
customer_age_group table customer_age_group
all run

• The BLANK operator between customer_age_group and
  all arranges the table for all next to the table
  for customer_age_group.

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Using an Analysis Variable
proc tabulate dataorders class
customer_age_group var quantity table
customer_age_group all,quantity label
quantity 'Quantity' run

• The space (or blank) and comma operators can be
  used with all to place summary information in
  any dimension.

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Common TABLE Statement Operators
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Asterisk Operator

• The asterisk () operator is used to cross or
  nest elements.

proc tabulate dataorders fcomma8. class
order_date order_type var quantity table
order_type,order_datequantity allquantity .
. .additional SAS code . . . run
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Asterisk Operator
proc tabulate dataorders fcomma8. class
order_date order_type var quantity table
order_type,order_datequantity allquantity .
. .additional SAS code . . . run

• The asterisk () operator is used to cross or
  nest elements.

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Asterisk Operator

• In this example, the asterisk arranges the nested
  variables in the column dimension.

order_date quantity
all quantity
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Crossing in the Row and Column Dimensions

• The asterisk operator can be used for crossing in
  more than one dimension.

Crossing or nesting in the ROW dimension
table order_typecustomer_country,
order_datequantity allquantity
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Requesting Specific Statistics

• The N and MEAN statistics are being calculated.

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Requesting Statistics
continued
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Requesting Statistics
If a variable name (class or analysis) and a
statistic name are the same, enclose the
statistic name in single quotation marks.
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Requesting Statistics
TABLE page-var, row-var
statistic, col-var statistic
TABLE page-var, row-var,
col-var statistic
correct
TABLE page-var, row-var
statistic, col-var
correct
When you request statistics in the TABLE
statement,you can specify them in any dimension
however, allstatistics must be requested in only
one dimension.
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Incorrect Statistic Specification

• You get an error if you specify a statistic in
  more than one dimension.

table order_typen, order_daten
quantitymean
ERROR There are multiple statistics associated
with a single table cell in the following nesting
Order_Type N Order_Date N. ERROR There
are multiple statistics associated with a single
table cell in the following nesting Order_Type
N Quantity Mean.
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Incorrect Statistic Specification

• You will also get an error if you cross All with
  a statistic, but you do not include an analysis
  variable in the crossing.

table order_type, order_daten allmean
ERROR Statistic other than N was requested
without analysis variable in the following
nesting Order_Type All Mean.
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Setup for the Poll

• Which TABLE statement produces this output?

table order_type, order_daten
allquantitymean
a.
table order_type, order_daten allmean
b.
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06 Multiple Choice Poll

• Which TABLE statement produces this output?
• table order_type, order_daten
  allquantitymean
• table order_type, order_daten allmean

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06 Multiple Choice Poll Correct Answer

• Which TABLE statement produces this output?
• table order_type, order_daten
  allquantitymean
• table order_type, order_daten allmean

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Review Changing PROC TABULATE Output

• SAS statements and global options can impact
  PROC TABULATE output.

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Review Changing PROC TABULATE Defaults

• You have already seen examples of how to use
  these statements and options to change some
  PROC TABULATE defaults.

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Changing TABULATE Defaults

• The FORMAT, LABEL, and KEYLABEL statements and
  options work as previously shown.

label Order_Date 'Order Year' format
order_date year4.
keylabel sum ' ' all'All Countries'
proc tabulate data... fcomma8.
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Using TABLE Statement Methods

• You can also use TABLE statement modifiers and
  labels to alter the output for specific variables
  and/or statistics.

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Using TABLE Statement Options

• TABLE statement options also impact the table
  appearance or alter the default behavior. These
  options are specified after a slash in the TABLE
  statement.

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The TABLE Statement Format Modifier

• You can also use PROC TABULATE specific modifiers
  and options to alter the output.

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Format Modifier

• Note how the format modifier in the TABLE
  statement takes precedence over the FORMAT option
  in the PROC TABULATE statement.

proc tabulate dataorion.customer_orders
fcomma8. ltadditional SAS statementsgt
table order_date, customer_country all,
customer_age_groupquantitysumfcomma8
.2
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Formats and PROC TABULATE

• These three methods all change TABULATE output
  formats. Since formats can be requested in more
  than one table dimension, you must be aware of
  how the formats interact.

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Default Format Precedence Behavior
These rules represent the default TABULATE
behavior.
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FORMAT_PRECEDENCE Option

• The FORMAT_PRECEDENCE option is specified after
  a slash in the TABLE statement.

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Format Precedence Syntax Model

• To specify which format should take precedence
  in SAS9, use the FORMAT_PRECEDENCE option in
  the TABLE statement

TABLE page-dimension, row-dimension,
column-dimension /
FORMAT_PRECEDENCEpagerowcolumn
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Format Specified in Two Dimensions

• The general rule is that the column format wins
  over other formats, as shown in this example.

Want the row dimension format to be used, not the
column dimension format.
table customer_country'Country' all'All
Countries'fcomma10.0, total_retail_price
' 'order_date'Year' total_retail_price'T
otal'all'Price'fcomma10.2
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Using FORMAT_PRECEDENCE

• The FORMAT_PRECEDENCE option instructs PROC
  TABULATE to use the row dimension format.

table customer_country'Country' all'All
Countries'fcomma10.0, total_retail_price
' 'order_date'Year' total_retail_price'T
otal'all'Price'fcomma10.2 /
format_precedencerow
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Setup for the Poll

• Given the following code, which format is used
  for the variable statistics?

proc tabulate dataorion.orders class
order_date customer_country
customer_age_group var quantity table
order_datefcomma8.0, customer_country
allfcomma8.3, customer_age_groupquanti
tysumf8.2 / misstext'N/A' format
order_date year4. run
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07 Multiple Choice Poll

• Given the following code, which format is used
  for the variable statistics?
• 8.0 (format in page dimension)
• 8.3 (format in row dimension)
• 8.2 (format in column dimension)

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07 Multiple Choice Poll Correct Answer

• Given the following code, which format is used
  for the variable statistics?
• 8.0 (format in page dimension)
• 8.3 (format in row dimension)
• 8.2 (format in column dimension)

The 8.2 format is used because the format in the
column definition takes precedence over the other
specified formats.
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The TABLE Statement Label Method

• You can also use PROC TABULATE specific modifiers
  and options to alter the output.

103
Labels and PROC TABULATE

• By default, PROC TABULATE uses variable labels
  for variables and statistic names for statistics.
  If no labels exist or are specified in the PROC
  TABULATE step, then the default is to use the
  variable name or statistic name.

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Using Label Strings in the TABLE Statement

• This label method in the TABLE statement
  overrides the LABEL statement and/or KEYLABEL
  statement value.

The quoted text string to be used as a label
follows an equal sign next to the variable or
statistic name.
table order_date'Year', customer_country'Count
ry' all'All Countries', customer_age_group'Age
Group'quantity'Qty'sum' ' label
customer_country'Cust Cntry' keylabel
sum'Total'
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Suppressing Variable Labels

• This LABEL statement does not suppress the
  Quantity variable label.

label Order_Date 'Order Year' Quantity
' '
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Suppressing Variable Labels

• The blank label specified in the TABLE statement
  successfully suppresses the variable label for
  Quantity.

table order_date, customer_country all,
customer_age_groupquantity' 'sumf8.0 /
misstext'N/A'
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The MISSTEXT Option

• The MISSTEXT option is specified after a slash
  in the TABLE statement.

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Using the MISSTEXT Option

• The MISSTEXT option is placed after a slash in
  the TABLE statement. You can specify a text
  string up to 256 characters to be used when a
  cell contains missing values.

table order_date, customer_country all,
customer_age_groupquantity' 'sumf8.0 /
misstext'N/A'
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The BOX Option

• The BOX option is specified after a slash in the
  TABLE statement.

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Page Text or Box Area Position

• By default, page-dimension text is located at the
  upper-left side and above the table.

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Page Text or Box Area Position

• BOX values enable you to place specific text
  into the box area in any PROC TABULATE report.

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BOX_PAGE_ Option
table order_date, customer_country all,
customer_age_groupquantity' 'sumf8.0
/ misstext'N/A' box_page_
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BOX"STRING" Option
table order_date, customer_country all,
customer_age_groupquantity' 'sumf8.0
/ misstext'N/A' box'Quantity Analysis'
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BOX Variable Option
table order_date, customer_country' '
all, customer_age_groupquantity'
'sumf8.0 / misstext'N/A'
boxCustomer_Country
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Setup for the Poll

• These two tables were produced with two
  different PROC TABULATE programs. Review
  program r102a05 and determine which three things
  are different between the two PROC TABULATE
  steps.

r102a05
117
Setup for the Poll
proc tabulate dataorders title
'BOX"STRING"' class order_date var
quantity table order_date' '
all,quantitysumf8.0 / box'Year'
keylabel sum ' ' all'All Countries' format
order_date year4. run proc tabulate
dataorders title 'BOXVariable' class
order_date var quantity table order_date'
' all,quantitysumf8.0 /
boxorder_date label Order_Date 'Year'
keylabel sum ' ' all'All Countries' format
order_date year4. run
r102a05
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08 Multiple Choice Poll

• Review program r102a05 and determine which three
  things are different between the two PROC
  TABULATE steps.
• TITLE statement, BOX option, KEYLABEL statement
• BOX option, LABEL statement, FORMAT modifier
• TITLE statement, BOX option, LABEL statement
• CLASS statement, BOX option, TITLE statement

119
08 Multiple Choice Poll Correct Answer

• Review program r102a05 and determine which three
  things are different between the two PROC
  TABULATE steps.
• TITLE statement, BOX option, KEYLABEL statement
• BOX option, LABEL statement, FORMAT modifier
• TITLE statement, BOX option, LABEL statement
• CLASS statement, BOX option, TITLE statement

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Default Column Headers

• Note how the Sum and Mean columns each contain a
  header for the Quantity variable.

122
Improving Table Appearance

• One way to streamline the table's appearance
  would be to have the header for Quantity span
  the Sum and Mean columns.

Quantity appears only once.
123
Common TABLE Statement Operators
124
Without Parentheses Operators

• Without the parentheses operator in your TABLE
  statement, the label Quantity appears twice in
  the column headers.

table order_type all, order_daten
quantitysum quantitymedian / box"No
Parentheses" label Order_Date 'Order Year'
Quantity 'Quantity'
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Using Multiple Statistics with Parentheses

• With the parentheses operator, you can make the
  label Quantity appear only once in the column
  header.

table order_type all, order_daten
quantity(sum median) / box"Use
Parentheses" label Order_Date 'Order Year'
Quantity 'Quantity'
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Using Multiple Statistics with Parentheses

• If you specify a format modifier outside the
  parentheses, the format is applied to all the
  statistics inside the parentheses.

table order_type all, order_daten
quantity(sum median)fcomma8.2 / box"Same
Format"
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Using Multiple Statistics with Parentheses

• With a format modifier inside the parentheses,
  the format is applied to the statistic or
  variable it modifies.

table order_type all, order_daten
quantity(sumfcomma8.2 medianfcomma6.0)
/ box"Different Format"
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Syntax for the TABULATE Procedure
General form of the TABULATE procedure with
commonly used options added
PROC TABULATE DATAlibref.filename Fformat.
CLASS classification-variable(s)
VAR analysis-variable(s) TABLE
page-var'text',
row-var'text', column-var'text'stati
stic'text'Fformat.
/MISSTEXT'text' BOXbox_option FORMAT
variable format. LABEL variable'label
' KEYLABEL statistic'label ' RUN
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Setup for the Polls

• Build the correct TABLE statement for this sketch.

class Customer_Country Order_Type var
Quantity table __________________,
_______________________________
column dimension
row dimension
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09 Multiple Choice Poll

• What is the correct column dimension for the
  desired table?
• Order_TypeQuantity allSum
• Order_TypeQuantity allQuantity
• Customer_CountryQuantity allCustomer_CountryQua
  ntity

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09 Multiple Choice Poll Correct Answer

• What is the correct column dimension for the
  desired table?
• Order_TypeQuantity allSum
• Order_TypeQuantity allQuantity
• Customer_CountryQuantity allCustomer_CountryQua
  ntity

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10 Multiple Choice Poll

• What is the correct row dimension for the desired
  table?
• Order_Type
• ALL
• Customer_Country
• Quantity

134
10 Multiple Choice Poll Correct Answer

• What is the correct row dimension for the desired
  table?
• Order_Type
• ALL
• Customer_Country
• Quantity

135
10 Poll Review
class Customer_Country Order_Type var
Quantity table Customer_Country,
Order_TypeQuantity allQuantity
column dimension
row dimension
136
Refine Correct Answer
class Customer_Country Order_Type var
Quantity table Customer_Country,
(Order_Type all) Quantity
class Customer_Country Order_Type var
Quantity table Customer_Country,
Quantity(Order_Type all)
137
(No Transcript)
138
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