Chapter 9: Christian Societies Emerge in Europe, 600-1200

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Chapter 9 Christian Societies Emerge in Europe,
600-1200

• AP World History

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I. The Byzantine Empire 600-1200

• A. An Empire Beleaguered
• 1. Muslim Arabs took the wealthy of Syria,
  Egypt, and Tunisia and converted their people to
  Islam.
• 2. The Byzantine Empire experienced declining
  relations with the popes and princes of Western
  Europe and the formal schism between the Latin
  and Orthodox churches in 1054.

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• B. Society and Urban Life
• 1. Decline of urbanism with the loss of the
  middle class and there was a gap between the
  wealth of the aristocrats and the poverty of the
  peasants.
• 2. Women were confined to the house and wore
  veils when they went out, but did rule alongside
  men from 1028-1056.
• 3. Emperors intervened in the economy by setting
  prices, controlling the provision of grain in the
  capital, and monopolizing trade on certain
  goods.
• 4. Western Europe began to view the Byzantine
  Empire as a crumbling power while the Byzantines
  viewed the westerners as uncouth barbarians.

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• C. Cultural Achievements
• 1. Legal scholars put together a collection of
  Roman laws and edicts under the title Body of
  Civil Law.
• 2. Became basis of Western Law.
• 3. Byzantine developed the technique of building
  domed buildings.
• 4. In the 9th century, missionaries Cyril and
  Methodius preached to the Slavs of Moravia and
  taught their followers to write in Cyrillic
  script.

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II. Early Medieval Europe

• A. A Time of Insecurity
• 1. After the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th
  century Europe was fragmented, with Germanic
  Kings ruling a number dissimiliar kingdoms.
• 2. Muslim Arabs and Berbers took the Iberian
  Peninsula and pushed into France, but were
  defeated by Charles Martel at the battle of
  Tours.
• 3. In the 8th century the Carolingians united
  various Frankish kingdoms and at its height under
  Charlemagne, the empire included Gaul and parts
  of Germany and Italy, but it was divided by his
  sons and was never united again.
• 4. Vikings raided England, France, and Spain in
  the late 8th and 9th centuries.
• 5. Vikings also settled Iceland and Normandy,
  from which the Norman William the Conqueror
  invaded England in 1066.

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Charles Martel Tomb
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• B. A Self-Sufficient Economy
• 1. Fall of the Roman Empire led to an economic
  transformation with a decline in urbanization and
  a decline in trade.
• 2. The medieval diet in the north was based on
  beer, lard or butter, and bread while the diet in
  the south was based on wheat, wine, and olive
  oil.
• 3. Self-sufficient farming estates called manors
  began to develop.
• 4. The lord of the manor had almost unlimited
  control of his serfs, but the serf conditions
  varied based on the tradition of free peasantry
  in some areas.

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• C. Early Medieval Society in the West
• 1. Class of nobles emerged and developed into
  mounted knights.
• 2. Landholding and military service became
  almost inseparable.
• 3. The need for military security including the
  stirrup, bigger horses, and the armor and weapons
  of a knight.
• 4. These weapons were expensive and a man needed
  land to afford them.
• 5. Kings granted a fief to a man who promised to
  supply military service.
• 6. Kings were weak because they depended on
  their vassals.
• 7. Kings and nobles had limited ability to tax
  and administer their realms because they could
  not tax the vast landholdings of the church.
• 8. Women were pawns in marriage politics.

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III. The Western Church

• A. Politics and the Church
• 1. Popes sought to combine their religious power
  with political power by forging alliances with
  kings and finally by choosing to crown a German
  king as Holy Roman Emperor.
• 2. Popes and kings disagreed with who had the
  power to appoint bishops.(investiture
  controversy)
• 3. Western Europe was heir to three legal
  traditions German feudal law, canon, and Roman
  law.

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• B. Monasticism
• 1. Based on celibacy, devotion to prayer, and
  isolation from society.
• 2. Benedict of Nursia supplied monasteries with
  a set of written rules that governed all aspects
  of ritual and of everyday life.
• 3. Monasteries were centers of literacy,
  learning and refuges for widows and other
  vulnerable women.
• 4. The head of Catholic Church had a difficult
  time overseeing monasteries so the abbey of Cluny
  worked to improve the administration and
  discipline of monasteries.

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IV. Kievan Russia, 900-1200

• A. The Rise of the Kievan State
• 1. Territory stretched from the Black and
  Caspian Seas in the south to the White and Baltic
  seas in the north.
• 2. Many different people groups. (Slavs, Turks,
  Finns)
• 3. Long-distance trade linked Russia with the
  Silk Road, Varangians were active traders on the
  rivers, and the Khazar Turks built a trading
  kingdom at the mouth of the Volga.
• 4. Vladimir I became Grand Prince of Kiev in 980
  and chose Orthodox Christianity, adopted the
  Cyrillic alphabet, and modeled the culture of the
  Byzantine Empire.
• 5. Food production was low due to a short
  growing season so the political power in Kiev was
  based on trade.
• 6. Christianity spread slowly, but in the 12th
  century Christianity triumphed and the Church
  became more powerful.

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V. Western Europe Revives, 1000-1200

• A. The Role of Technology
• 1. Population and Agricultural production
  increased due to new technologies and to the
  appearance of self-governing cities.
• 2. Technological innovations included the heavy
  moldboard plow, the horse collar, and the
  breast-strap harness.

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• B. Cities and the Rebirth of the Trade
• 1. Independent cities emerged in Italy and
  Flanders.
• 2. Venice emerged as a dominant sea power,
  trading with Muslim ports for spices and other
  goods.
• 3. Cities like Ghent in Flanders imported wood
  from England and wove it into cloth for export.
• 4. Europeans began to minting silver and gold
  coins.

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VI. The Crusades, 1095-1204

• A. The Roots of the Crusades
• 1. Series of Christian military campaigns
  against Muslims in the eastern Mediterranean
  between 1100-1200.
• 2. The tradition of pilgrimages, Muslim control
  of Christian religious sites, and the Byzantine
  Empires requests for help against the Muslims
  combined to make the Holy Land the focus of the
  Crusades.
• 3. Factors causing the Crusades included
  religious zeal, knights willingness to engage in
  church-sanctioned warfare, a desire for lands on
  the part of younger sons of the European
  nobility, and an interest in trade.
• 4. Pope Urban II initiated the First Crusade
  when he called upon the Europeans to stop
  fighting each other and the fight the Muslims
  instead.

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• B. The Impact of the Crusades
• 1. The Crusades had a limited impact on the
  Muslim world.
• 2. They ended Europe's intellectual isolation
  when Arabic and Greek manuscripts gave Europeans
  their first access to the work of the ancient
  Greek philosophers.
• 3. Significant impact on the lifestyle of
  European elites.

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VII. Comparative Perspectives

• A. Church Differences Between Western Europe and
  Byzantium
• 1. Western Church leaders wrote their treatises
  in Latin eastern church leaders wrote in Greek.
• 2. The eastern church was influenced by Arab
  conquests of the 7th century.

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• B. Political and Economic Distinctions Between
  Western Europe and Byzantium
• 1. The Byzantine Empire initially enjoyed more
  economic prosperity and sophistication in arts
  and culture than the west.
• 2. Christianity became embedded in Byzantine
  society before it did in the western church.
• 3. The Byzantine Empire did not witness the
  improved military techniques, new agricultural
  technologies, population growth, and trade of
  Western Europe, leading to its decline in
  prosperity and cultural innovation in comparison
  to the west.