PHARMACOLOGY PROJECT

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PHARMACOLOGY PROJECT

• ANTIVIRAL ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS

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Ppt by

• by
• Dr gauri verma
• Dr. Prashant MD.
• phrmacology4students.com
• drprashantw_at_gmail.com

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Names of fungi

• Dermatophytes- trichophyton,
• micropolyspora,epidermophyton.
• Candida albicans,
• Cryptococcus
• Blastomucosis,Paracoccidomycosis,Coccidomycosis,Hi
  stoplasmosis,Malasezia Furfur,,
• Mucormycosis,Otomycosiis

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Antifungal Drugs

• These are the drugs used for superficial deep
  fungal infections.
• Fungal infections occur when the resistance of
  host is poor.
• Fungi easily invade living tissue cause
  infection.

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Classification

• Antibiotics
• aPolyenes Amphotericin B,
  Nystatin,Hamycin, Natamycin.
• bHeterocyclic Griseofulvin, Benzofuran.

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• 2) Antimetabolites (5-FC)
  Flucytosine
• 3) Azoles
• a Imidazoles Clotrimazole, Econazole,
  Miconazole, Ketoconazole.
• bTriazoles Fluconazole, Itraconazole.
  

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• 4) Allylamine Terbinafine.
• 5) Other Topical Agents Tolanaftate, Undecylenic
  acid, Benzoic acid, Quiniodochlor, Sodium
  thiosulfate.

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Amphotericin B

• It is obtained from Streptomyces nodosus.
• Antifungal Spectrum active against wide range of
  yeast fungi.
• Uses can be used for Otomycosis, Systemic
  mycosis, Oral Vaginal cutaneous candidiasis.

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• Adverse Effects
• -Acute reaction consists of chills, fever,
  aches, nausea, dyspnoea pain all over.
• -Long term Nephrotoxicity.
• - C.N.S. Toxicity.

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Nystatin

• Obtained from S. noursei
• Uses Monilial diarrhoea, Oral thrush corneal,
  conjunctival cutaneous candidiasis.
• Side Effects Nausea bad taste in mouth.

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Hamycin

• Obtained from S. pimprina
• It is similar to nystatin but more water soluble.

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Natamycin

• It is similar to nystatin has a broader
  spectrum.
• Used only topically a 5 suspension or 1
  ointment is non-irritating to the eye has been
  used perticularly in Fusarium solani Keratitis.

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Griseofulvin

• Extracted from Penicillium griseofulvum.
• Uses used systemically for dermatophytosis.
• Adverse Effects Headache, G.I.T. disturbance,
  peripheral neuritis, rashes, transiant leukopenia
  albuminuria.
• Dose 125-250mg QID with meals.

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Flucytosine

• Taken up by fungal cells.
• Inhibitor of thymidylate synthesis.
• Uses For Chromoblastomycosis Cryptococcosis.
• Adverse effects Anaemia, Leukopenia
  thrombocytopenia.

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Imidazoles Triazoles

• These are presently the most extensively used
  antifungal drugs.
• Have broad spectrum antifungal activity.

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Clotrimazole

• It is used in athletes foot, otomycosis oral,
  vaginal and cutaneous candidiasis.
• Adverse Effects Local irritation burning
  sensation.

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Econazole

• Highly effective in dermatophytosis, otomycosis
  and oral thrush.
• Adverse Effect Local irritation.

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Ketoconazole

• First orally effective broad spectrum antifungal
  drug.
• Dose 200mg OD or BD.
• Uses Used in dermatophytosis, monilial
  vaginitis, systemic mycosis, kala azar
  Cushings syndrome.

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• Adverse Effects Nausea, vomoting, loss of
  apetite, paresthesia, rashes, hair loss
  headache.
• Contraindicated in pregnant nursing women.

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Fluconazole

• Newer water soluble triazole.
• Uses Vaginal, oral cutaneous candidiasis ano
  fungal keratitis
• Adverse Effects Nausea, vomiting, abdominal
  pain, rashes headache.
• Contraindicated in pregnant lactating mothers.

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Benzoic Acid

• Topically used.
• Has antifungal antibacterial properties.
• It is fungistatic.
• Used in hyperkeratotic lesions.

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Questions

• 1 What are polyene antibiotics?
• - Amphotericin B, nystatin, hamycin
  natamycin.
• 2 What is source of amphotericin B?
• - S. nodosus.

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• 3 Is amphotericin B fungistatic or fungicidal?
• -Fungicidal.
• 4 How is amphotericin B administered?
• - Intravenously.

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• 5 What is the most important long term toxicity
  of amphotericin B?
• - Nephrotoxicity.
• 6 What is D.O.C. for systemic mycosis?
• - I.V. Amphotericin B.

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• 7 What is source of griseofulvin?
• - Penicillium griseofulvum.
• 8 How does griseofulvin act?
• - It inhibits mitosis.
• 9 Is griseofulvin fungistatic or fungicidal?
• -Fungistatic.

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• 10 What is half life of griseofulvin?
• - 24 hours.
• 11 Is griseofulvin enzyme inhibitor or inducer?
• - Enzyme inducer.

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• 12 Can griseofulvin cause disulfiran like
  reaction?
• - Yes.
• 13 What is flucytocin?
• - It is pyrimidine antimetabolite which is
  inactive.

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• 14 How does flucytocin act?
• - By inhibiting thymidylate synthesis.
• 15 Is miconazole used intravenously?
• - Yes , sometimes.

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• 16 Which antifungal is first broad spectrum
  orally effective drug?
• - Ketoconazole.
• 17 Which antifungal causes gynaecomastia?
• - Ketoconazole.

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• 18 What is taenia infection?
• - Skin fungal infection. Ring worm infection.
• 19 What is whitfeilds ointment?
• - Benzoic acid 5 , salicylic acid 3.

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