Anatomical Terminology

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Anatomical Terminology

• Ch 1

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Anatomical Scale
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Scale of Anatomy

• Microscopic anatomy
• Cytology
• Histology
• Gross anatomy
• Surface anatomy
• Regional anatomy
• Systemic anatomy

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Microscopic Anatomy

• Study of structures visible only with the aid of
  magnification
• Structures less than 1mm
• Study limited by technology
• Two main categories
• Cytology
• Histology

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Microscopic Anatomy
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Cytology

• Studies the internal structure of individual
  cells
• Cyto cell ology study of
• unit of Life
• 50-100 trillion
• cells in the body

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Histology

• Study of structure organization of groups of
  cells aka tissues
• Tissue groups of organized specialized cells
  that perform similar functions

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Gross Anatomy

• Aka macroscopic anatomy
• Study of structures visible without a microscope
• Three main types
• Surface anatomy
• Regional anatomy
• Systemic anatomy

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Surface Anatomy

• Study of the body using superficial anatomical
  markings

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Regional Anatomy

• Study structure of specific body regions
• Incorporates superficial and internal features
• Emphasizes relationships between structures
• Ex. Upper extremity

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Systemic Anatomy

• Study structure of major body systems
• 11 body systems

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Integumentary System
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Skeletal System
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Muscular System
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Nervous System
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Endocrine System
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Cardiovascular System
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Respiratory System
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Digestive System
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Urinary System
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Reproductive System
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Reproductive System
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Lymphatic System
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Physiology

• Study of the function of anatomical structures
• Physical chemical properties
• Cell physiology
• Special physiology
• System physiology
• Pathological physiology

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Anatomical Terminology

• Why is it important?
• How are things named?
• Anatomical structures- landmarks
• Specialized directional terms
• Location
• Proper nouns

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Anatomical Terminology

• Standard anatomical position
• Body regions
• Body orientation direction
• Body planes sections
• Body cavities

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Standard Anatomical Position

• Standard body position
• Aka anatomy neutral
• Body standing erect
• Head toes point forward
• Arms hanging at sides
• Palms face forward

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Body Positions

• Supine
• Lying down in the anatomical position with face
  up
• Prone
• Lying down in the anatomical position with face
  down

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Principle Anatomical Regions
Martini Table 1-1
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Posterior Regions
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Body Orientation Direction
Martini table 1-2
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Superficial vs Deep
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Body Planes Sections

• Section imaginary cut along specific lines
  (planes) through the body
• Body Plane 3 anatomical planes that lie at right
  angles
• Sagittal
• Frontal
• Transverse
• Oblique

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Section
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Section
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Sagittal Plane

• Longitudinal section into left right halves
• Midsagittal down the midline

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Midline Midsagittal Plane
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Frontal Plane

• Longitudinal section into anterior (front)
  posterior (back) halves
• Aka coronal

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Transverse Plane

• Horizontal plane divides body into superior (top)
  inferior (bottom) halves
• Cross sections

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Body Cavities

• Spaces in body that house organs
• Protective
• Allow change in size without damaging surrounding
  tissue
• Two main categories
• Dorsal body cavities
• Ventral body cavities

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Dorsal Body Cavities

• Cranial cavity-
• made by bones of skull
• Spinal cavity-
• surrounds spinal cord

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Ventral Body Cavities

• Spaces- cavities
• Viscera- organs
• Serous membrane- thin layer of tissue lines body
  cavities viscera
• 3 main body cavities
• Thoracic
• Abdominal
• Pelvic

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Thoracic Cavity

• Bound by chest wall diaphragm
• 3 main internal chambers (subdivisions)
• 2 pleural cavities
• House lungs
• Mediastinum
• Houses trachea, esophagus, blood vessels
• 1 Pericardial cavity
• Houses heart

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Abdominopelvic Cavity

• Abdominal cavity
• Aka Peritoneal cavity
• Inferior surface of the diaphragm to superior
  margin of pelvis
• Pelvic cavity
• Enclosed by bones of pelvis