1. ???? (Mushroom)

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1. ???? (Mushroom) ??????? (Volvariella
volvacea) ????????? (Auricularia
auricula) ??????? (Termitomyces
albuminosus) ???????? (Astraeus
hygrometricus) ????????? (Pleurotus
ostreatus) ?????????? (Agaricus
bisporus) ??????? (Lentinus edodes)
???? Cantharella (Cantharellus
spp.)
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?? ??????????????????
2. Edible biomass (Single Cell Protein and
Mycoprotein) Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Candida utilis Kluyveromyces fragilis
(lactose utilized yeast) Fusarium
graminearum
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?? ?????????????????
??????????????
?? ????
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces
pombe ??????
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, S. carlsbergensis ??????
Bakers yeast Saccharomyces
cerevisiae ??????? (Chess) Lactic acid
bacteria, Penicillium spp. ??????????
Aspergillus oryzae ??????
?? Aspergillus oryzae, Lactic acid bacteria
Lactobacillus
delbrueckii ???? Pediococcus soyae,
Yeast Saccharomyces
rouxii ?????????? Mucor
racemosus, Rhizopus chinensis,
Actinomucor elegans
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?????????????? ??
1. ???? ???? ??????????? (Ganoderma lucidum)
??????? ???????? polysaccharide
???????????????????? 2. ??? antibiotics 2.1
Penicillins ??? Penecillium notatum
?????????????????? Gram-negative
bacteria 2.2 Cepharosporin ??? Cephalosporium
acremonium ??????? ???????????
Gram-negative ??? Gram-positive bacteria 2.3
Griseofuvin ??? Penicillium griseofulvum
???????????????????? 3. ?? ???? ergot alkaloids
??? Claviceps spp.??????????????? smooth
muscle ????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????
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?????????? ?? ???????????????????????
Enzyme Fungi
Application Amylase
Aspergillus oryzae Starch
conversion Pullulanase Aureobasidium
pullulans Debranching of starch Protease
Aspergillus spp. Breakdown
protein Invertase Yeast
Sucrose conversion Pectinase
Aspergillus, Rhizopus Clearify fruit
juice Rennen Mucor spp.
Milk coagulation Lipase
Mucor, Aspergillus, Dairy industry,
Detergents
Penecillium Hemicellulase Aspergillus niger
Baking, Gum
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??????????? ?? ?????????????????????
Usage Products Fungi
Application Agriculture
Zearalenone Gibberella zeae
Growth promoter Gibberellins
Gibberella fujikuroi Plant homone

Metarhizium anisopliae Biocontrol of
insect Research Gliotoxin
Trichoderma virens Immunosuppressant
Cytochalasins Helminthosporium
Anti-actin agent
Fusicosin Fusicocum amygdali
Stomatal opening Phalloidin
Amanita phalloides Actin binding
Amanitin Amanita
phalloides RNA polymerase inhibitor
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?? ???????????????????
Fungi Trichophyton spp. Aspergillus
fumigatus Pneumocystis carinii Aphanomyces
invaderans Metarhizium anisopliae Ascosphera
apis Uredinales Ustilaginales Colletotrichum
spp. Phytium spp.
Disease Ringworm, dermatomycosis Lung
aspergillosis Pneumonia Epizootic ulcerative
syndrome Chockbrood Rust Smut Antracnose Damping
off
Host Mammal Mammal Mammal Fish Insect Bee
Plant Plant Plant Plant
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????????? ??
1. Aflatoxins ????????????????????????? ???
Aspergillus flavus 2. Sterigmatocystin
????????????????????????? ??? Aspergillus
versicolor 3. Zearalenone ????????????????????????
? ??? Fusarium graminearum 4. Ochratoxins
????????????????????? ?????? Aspergillus spp. ???
Penicillium spp. 5. Patulin ??????????????????????
??? ??? penicillium patulum 6. T-2 toxin,
trichothecenes ????????????????????????? ???
Fusarium tricinctum 7. ?????????? ???? Amanitin
??? Phalloidin ???????
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?? ???????
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?? ???????????????????
?? Fungi Eukaryote Heterotrophs ????? ??
?? ????? 80S
??? Plantae Eukaryote Phototrophs ?? ??
?? ?? 80S
????? Animalia Eukaryote Chemotrophs ??
????? ?? ????? 80S
????????? Monera Prokaryote Heterotrophs
Phototrophs Autotrophs ????? ?? ?????
??/????? 70S
Major group Energy source Embryo Cell wall
Mitochomdria Chlorophyll Ribosome
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?????????????? ??
1. ????????????????????????????? Eukaryotes 2.
???????????????????????? (filamentous)
??????????? hyphae ??????????????????????????
????????????????? (yeast) ??? ?????????????
apical growth 3. ????????? heterotrophs ??? ???
pre-formed organic substance
????????????????? 4. ?????????????????????????????
??????????????????????? spore
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????????????????? ??
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Fungal form
1. Hyphae tread or filamentous tubular cell
that branch in all direction
2. Yeast unicellular fungal cell
3. Yeast-hypahe dimorphism some fungi can grow
in two different morphological forms
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Hypha (s), Hyphae (pl) Structure of fungal cell
that form a tubular filament. Mycelium (s),
Mycelia (pl.) Mass of hyphae. Pseudomycelium A
series of yeast cells adhering end to
end. Colony A group of hyphae that growing out
of single point
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Cell envelope The cell wall
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Cell envelope The cell wall
Major polysaccharide component of fungal cell
Division Oomycota Chytridiomycota Zygomycota As
comycota Basidiomycota
Fibrillar component Cellulose, b-1,3-
b-1,6-glucan Chitin, Glucan Chitin,
Chitosan Chitin, b-1,3- b-1,6-glucan Chitin,
b-1,3- b-1,6-glucan
Matrix component Glucan Glucan Polyglucuronic
acid, glucuronomannoprotein a-1,3-glucan, glucuron
omannoprotein a-1,3-glucan, Xylomannoprotein
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Cell envelope The cell wall
Chitosan
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Cell envelope Plasma membrane
Fluid mosaic model - Phospholipid bilayer -
protein
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Cell envelope Septum
Aseptate mycelium
Septate mycelium
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Cell envelope Septum
Dolipore septum
Simple septum
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Cytoplasmic components
Ubiquitous organelles - Mitochondria (M) -
Endopladmic reticulum - Golgi body - Ribosome
(R) - Vesicle (V) - Vacuole - Microtubular (MT) -
Lomasome (L)
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Cytoplasmic components Woronin bodies
- ???? Kingdom Fungi ???????? ?? Division
Ascomycetes ??? Deuteromycetes
?????????????????????????? simple septum -
?????????????????????? mycelium ???????? -
Woronin bodies ??????????? electron microscope
???????????? ????????????? ?????????????????????
????? 0.1 - 0.75 micron - Woronin bodies ?
?????????? ????? ??? septum ???????????????
woronin bodies ????????????????? ???????
septum ????? hyphae ??? ?????
????????????????????????? cytoplasms ??
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Cytoplasmic component hexagonal crystals
- ???? single membrane bounded organelle
????????????????? ???? Whetzelinia
sclerotiorum, Geotrichum candidum, Aspergillus
gacus ??? Sordaria brevicollis ??????? -
?????????????????????????????? woronin body ???
????????????????????? ??????? septum ?????
hyphae ???????? ???????????????????????
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Apical Vesicle Cluster
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Neucleus
- ?? double nuclear membrane
EUKARYOTE - ?????????? ?????????????????????? 2-3
?????? - Haploid - Diploid - Polyploid - Nuclear
membrane ??? nucleous ?????????????????????????
mitosis - ?? centriole ???? spindle-pole body
(SPB) ?????????????? segregate chromosome
???????????????? mitosis - Several nuclei
coexistence in a commom cytoplasm.
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Electron micrograph of centriole
Model of centriole
Homework How structure and functional difference
between centriole and SPB?
Electron micrograph of SPB
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Heterokaryosis
Heterokaryosis ??????????????? nuclear genotype
???????????????
genotype ???????????????????? ???????????????
??????????????? nucleus
?????????? Heterokaryosis ?????????????? 1.
???????????????????? Nucleus (Mutation) 2.
???????????????????????????????? strain ??? 3.
?????????????????? heterokaryotic
spore Heterokaryosis ?????????? homokaryosis 1.
????????????? nuclear genotype ????? type ?????
?????? ?. ???????? ??????????????? 2.
??????????????? uninucleate spore
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Dikaryon
Dikaryon ??????????????????? nuclei ?????
genotype ??????????
????????????????????? ?????????????
????????????????? ????????
(plasmogamy) ????? mating type ??????????
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Cell differentiation rhizoid
Rhizoid ???????????????????????????????????
thallus ????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????
??????????????? ?????????? Division
Chytridiomyces ????? Genus
Rhizopus
Chytrid
Rhizopus sp.
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Cell differentiation appresorium
Appresorium pre-penetration structures occur on
germ tubes
????????????????????? ????????????????????????
germ tube ????????????
spore ????????????????????????? host
??????? penetration
??????? ???????? host ???????????????????????????
??
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Cell differentiation hyphopodia
Hyphopodia pre-penetration structures occur on
hyphae ???????????????????
?? ????????????????????????
??????????????????? ????????????????????????????
host ??????? penetration
??????????????? host ??????????
???????????????????
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Cell differentiation penetration peg
Penetration peg ??????????? infection peg ????
peg ?????????????????????
??????????????????????????? ?????????????
penetration ???????
???????? host ??????????????? spore ????
appressorium
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Cell differentiation haustoria
Haustoria ???????????????????????????????? host
???????????????????
???????????????? ??????????????? ????????????????
??????? ?????????????????????
host
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Cell differentiation Nematode trapping structure
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Cell differentiation Nematode trapping structure
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Vegetative multihyphal structure
Plectenchyma ???????????????????????????????????
????? ???????? 2 ??????
??? Prosenchyma ???????????????????????????????
???
???????????????? Pseudoparenchyma
????????????????????????????
?????????????????????
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Vegetative multihyphal structure mycelial strand
Mycelial strand ????????????????????????????????
??????? ?????????????
?????????????? ????????????????????????????????
????????????
?????????????????????????????
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Vegetative multihyphal structure rhizomorph
Rhizomorph ???? mycelial cord ????????????????????
????????? mycelial strand
???????????????????????? ????????????????????????
rhizomorph ???????????????????
???????????? ??????????? ???
?????????? rhizomorph ?????????????????
???????? vesicle hyphae
???????????????????????????????? sheating
hyphae ??????????????????????????????
?????????????????????
?????????? mycelial strand
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Vegetative multihyphal structure sclerotium
Sclerotium ????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????
??????????????
???????????????? ?????????????????????????
?????????? ???????????????
?????????????????????????????? sexual
fruiting body
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Asexual reproduction Sporangiospore
Sporangiospore ?????????????????????????????
cytoplasm ??????????????
nucleus ???????? cell membrane ???????
????????????
????????? ????? sporangium
??????? Oomycota, Chytridiomycota ???
Zygomycota
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Asexual reproduction Conidiospore
Conidiospore ?????????????????????? ??????? 2
???? 1. Blastic conidiospore
??????????????????????????????? conidiogenous
cell ?????????????????????? conidiospore
2. Tallic conidiospore ???? Arthrospore
?????????????????????????
(fragmentation) ????????? conidiospore
????????????? Ascomycota, Basidiomycota ???
Deuteromycota
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Asexual reproduction Oidiospore
Oidiospore ???? Oidium ???????????????????????????
?????????????????????
??????????? Oidiophore ?????????????
Basidiomycota ???????
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Asexual reproduction Budding
Budding is the production of a small outgrowth
(bud) from a parental cell
Budding
Binary fission
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Asexual reproduction chlamydospore
Chlamydospore ?????????????????????????
??????????????????????????
????????????????????????
???????????????????????????
??????????????????
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Life cycle of the fungi
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The triangle of life
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Life cycle pattern and group
Group Deuteromycota Chytridiomycota,
Zygomycota most Ascomycota Basidiomycota without
smuts Smuts, members of Basidiomycota Blastocladia
les, Endomycetales Myxomycota, Oomycota and some
yeast
Pattern Asexual Haploid cycle Haploid cycle with
restricted dikaryotic phase Haploid - dikaryotic
cycle Dikaryotic cycle Haploid - diploid
cycle Diploid cycle
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Haploid cycle with restricted dikaryotic phase
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Haploid dikaryotic life cycle
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Dikaryotic life cycle
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Haploid diploid life cycle
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Diploid life cycle
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Sexual reproduction Sex structure
Sex structure
Sex organ Isogametangium Heterogametangium
Sex cell Isogamete Heterogamete Anteridium
(Male) Oogonium (Female)
????????? sex structure ????????? ???????
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Sexual reproduction Sexual comatibility
??????????????????????????????????
Monoecious ???? hermaprodite ?????????????????????
???????????????? ?? thallus ????????
Dioecious ??????????????????????????????????????
? thallus ?????????? ????????? Sexula
compatiility Homothallic fungi
????????????????????????????????
(self-fertile)
???????????????????????????????????????
thallus
???????? Heterothallic fungi
????????????????????????????? (self-sterile)
?????
??????????????????????????????? thallus ??????????
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Gamete fusion
1. Gametic copulation 2. Gamete-gametangial
copulation 3. Gametangial copulation 4. Somatic
copulation 5. Spermatization
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Gametic copulation
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Gamete-gametangial copulation
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Gametangial copulation
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Somatic copulation
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Spermatization