Genealogy and DNA

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Genealogy and DNA
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Genetic Genealogy

• Began around 2003
• Growing availability of testing
• Growing affordability of testing
• Genographic Project
• Anthropological
• 2005 to 2010
• Sponsored by IBM, National Geographic, Waitt
  Foundation
• Relies on DNA testing

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DNA

• DNA - Deoxyribonucleic acid
• Each cell in individual contains same DNA
• Organized into chromosomes
• Humans have 23 pairs
• Contains genetic instructions
• Genes
• Over time DNA mutates

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DNA Testing Applications

• Forensic
• Paternity
• Medical
• Genealogical
• Anthropological

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Cell Components
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Chromosomes
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DNA Types

• Recombining (autosomal)
• 22 chromosome pairs
• Non-recombining
• Sex determining chromosome (X Y)
• Y is only passed from father to son
• Mitrochrondial DNA
• Passed from mother to offspring
• Both male and female

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Both Types
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Recombining
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Non-recombining
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Types of Genealogical Tests

• Paternal test
• Uses yDNA
• Only passes from father to son
• as does surname
• But other males with same surname should be the
  same
• Uncle, brother, male cousins, etc
• Maternal test
• Uses mtDNA
• Passes mother to children
• Both sons and daughters

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Test Types (cont)

• Autosomal
• Uses parts of 22 chromosomes
• Can give racial makeup
• of European, African, Asian (Amerindian)
• CODIS FBI db not used in genealogic
• Can tell degree of relatedness between two
  persons for recent generations
• Family Tree DNA, 23andMe, deCODEme

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DNA Testing Services

• FamilyTreeDNA is largest
• www.familytreedna.com
• Test consists of cheek swab
• Actual DNA testing is several weeks
• Results
• Generic haplogroup
• Specific test results
• Comparison to others results (ongoing)
• Contact information of matches

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DNA Tests

• yDNA (paternal)
• 12, 37, 67, 111 marker tests
• 99 - 339
• mtDNA (maternal)
• HVR1, HVR2, Full Genome Sequence (FGS) tests
• 99 299
• Family Finder (autosomal) - 289
• Several other tests

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How to Use Results

• Haplogroup genetic population
• Remainder is meaningless without others
• Collaborate
• Make email available
• Show EKA (Earliest Known Ancestor)
• Share ancestors (GEDCOM)
• Join surname project (yDNA only)
• Enter data in ysearch.org and mitosearch.org
• Actively try to pull lines together
• Help achieve critical mass

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The Genographic Project

• Anthropological DNA study
• Study migration of groups
• Based on DNA of isolated groups
• Over past 60,000 years
• Created haplogroups for both
• yDNA
• mtDNA

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