Asian Carp

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(No Transcript)
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The Invasion of the Asian Carp Silver and
Bigheaded Carp in our Waters

• Jesse Zastrow, Jerome Barner,
• Zach Fournier, Eamon Harrity
• April 14, 2010
• ENSC 202
• Professor Stephanie Hurley

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Hype

• U.S. Supreme Court may rule on Asian carp case
• Environmental groups say plan to fight Asian carp
  not enough
• Granholm calls Obama carp plan weak
• Feds unveil 78.5M effort to blunt Lakes
  migration of carp
• From The Detroit News http//www.detnews.com/arti
  cle/20091204/METRO/912040386ixzz0kTtbznvx

4
What is the real deal?
Asian carp are like cancer cells," said Cameron
Davis, senior adviser with the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. "They can grow and spread
very, very quickly and overtake other healthy
living organisms." -Belkin, D Wall Street
Journal Nov. 20 2009
http//visibleearth.nasa.gov/view_rec.php?id5856
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Problem Statement

• The Silver and Bigheaded carp are invasive
  planktivorous fish that could have serious
  social, economic and ecological impacts on the
  Great Lakes and Lake Champlain.

http//minnesotaindependent.com/wp-content/uploads
/2010/02/Asian-Carp.jpg
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Basic Outline

• Introduction
• Goals and Objectives
• Findings
• The Carp
• The Great lake and Lake Champlain
• Vectors of introduction
• Preventative Measures
• Conclusions and Recommendations

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Goals

• Assess the risk posed by Asian carp to Great
  Lakes
• How likely is it that they will make it to and
  survive in the Great Lakes?
• Will they be able to migrate within the lakes?
• What kind of impacts could they have on the lake
  system?
• Ultimately, what is the likelihood that the carp
  will make it to Lake Champlain and what impacts
  could they have here.

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Objectives

• Investigate the current status of the carp
• Distribution, impacts on inhabited areas
• Describe the life history of the carp
• Familiarize ourselves with the characteristics of
  the lakes
• Assess possible vectors and pathways into and
  between the lakes
• Explore existing and potential prevention
  practices
• Investigate potential economic, social and
  ecological impacts of these fish (conclusions)

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Findings
http//asiancarp.net/dasblog/content/binary/Asian
20Carp.jpg
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Asian Carp
Figure 1 Bighead Carp (Hypophthalmichthys
nobilis)
Figure 2 Silver Carp (Hypophthalmichthys
molitrix)
Images from Kolar, 2005.
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Asian Carp

• Brought in to improve water quality and promote
  production in aquaculture ponds, reservoirs, and
  improve conditions in sewage pools primarily in
  Arkansas.
• First introduced to US from private fish farmers
  in Arkansas (1972 bighead, 1973 Silver) for
  aquaculture pond clean up, later used in federal,
  state, and private facilities then municipal
  water management ponds.
• Silver Carp have been recorded in 12 states, and
  Bighead at least 18 states.
• Introduced to waters from dumping of bait fish,
  flooding of stocked ponds, illegal stocking of
  reservoirs lakes etc.

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Asian Carp
Introduction contd
Figure 4 Range of Bighead Carp in the US, as of
August, 2009 (1Fuller, 2009).
Figure 3 Range of Silver Carp in the US, as of
August, 2009 (2Fuller, 2009).
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Asian Carp
Native Distribution
Figure 5 Native range of Bighead Carp, mainly
large rivers and lakes of southeastern Asia
eastern China, eastern Siberia, and the extreme
northern range of North Korea (Kolar et al., 2005)
Figure 6 Native range of Silver Carp, mainly
large rivers and lakes of eastern China and
eastern Russia that run into the Pacific Ocean
(Kolar et al., 2005)

• Occur in freshwaters including rivers and lakes
  in their native China.
• Needs fast-moving water (rivers) for spawning,
  otherwise prefers slow-moving waters such as
  lakes, ponds, and flooded backwaters

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Asian Carp
Habitat

• Has been introduced to reservoirs, canals,
  man-made ponds and lakes, etc. where they do
  well.
• Spawn in spring, tributary use highest in winter
  according to a study by DCC on the Missouri
  River.

Table 1 Data collected in the US in 2004,
depicting rivers and habitats of juvenille
Bighead and Silver Carp. Table from (Kolar et
al., 2005), author cited contacts as the field
biologists who provided the data.
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Asian Carp
Temperature

• Very temperature tolerant Adult Asian Carp have
  been shown to survive in temperatures ranging 2C
  to 40C.
• A variety of sources document varying optimal
  temperature ranges, most fall between 20 and
  30C.
• Temperature fluctuations not necessary for
  reproduction although it is characteristic of
  their native range.

Reproductive Biology

• Fecundity increases with body size and weight.
• Many ranges of Asian Carp reproduction success,
  from 280,000 to 1,860,800 per Bighead female and
  145,000 to 5,000,000 per Silver female, varying
  from location and study.
• Fecundity of Bighead Carp from the lower Missouri
  River collected in 1998-1999 ranged from 11,588
  to 769,964, with an average of 226,213 eggs
  (Schrank and Guy 2002).
• A study of 6 Silver Carp in the Mississippi River
  in 2003 showed a range of total fecundity as
  57,283 to 328,538 eggs.

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Asian Carp
Feeding Habits
Table 2 Comparison of feeding habits between
Bighead carp and Silver carp (Kolar et al., 2005).
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Asian Carp
Feeding

• They consume 7-14 of their body weight in food.
• Bighead carp has been shown to prefer Daphnia
  (Cooke et al., 2009).
• Asian carp have been shown to consume different
  ratios of zooplankton and phytoplankton based on
  life stage and abundance of plankton.
• Bighead carp revert to phytoplankton when
  zooplankton levels are low, mainly blue-green
  algae, diatoms, and green algae.
• Extremely adaptive feeding habits, change natural
  zooplankton and phytoplankton composition and
  feed on detritus if necessary.
• Bighead carp primarily zooplanktivores, less
  specialized than Silver.
• Adult Silver carp primarily feed on
  phytoplankton, larvae on zooplankton. Gill rakers
  capable of straining phytoplankton down to 4 um
  in diameter (Chen et al., 2007).

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Asian Carp
Potential Impact on Recreation/Fishing Industry

• Outcompeting native fish for food
• Concern for native filter feeding fish like
  Paddlefish, Bigmouth Buffalo, and Gizzard Shad,
  as well as many other fish with overlapping food
  requirements.
• Fishermen overwhelmed with amount of carp, cannot
  catch anything else.
• Carp jumping, hitting fishermen, boaters, tubers,
  etc. DANGEROUS!
• The Great Lakes contribute 7 billion to the
  economy through commercial and sport fishing,
  and an additional 8 to 10 billion through
  recreational boating (FWS 2009).
• Jumping Carp

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Physical Characteristics of each Lake of Concern
Lake Characteristics Lake Champlain Lake Michigan Lake Erie
Length 120 miles 307 miles 241 miles
Width 12 miles 118 miles 57 miles
Average Depth 64 feet 279 feet 62 feet
Drainage Area 8,234 square miles 45,000 square miles 30,140 square miles
Surface Area 435 square miles 22,300 square miles 9,910 square miles
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Ecological Status of the Great Lakes Region

• The Great Lakes ecosystem is the largest
  freshwater ecosystem in the world.
• The Great Lakes ecosystem is an extensive
  watershed (288,000 square miles) with 5,000
  tributaries and 9,000 miles of shoreline.
• Important sport fish in the ecosystem include
  Lake trout, Brook trout, Lake sturgeon, Yellow
  perch, Lake whitefish, Muskellunge, Walleye ,
  Chinook salmon, and Coho salmon
• US FWS 2010. Midwest Region Hot topic Asian Carp

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Ecological Status of the Great Lakes Region

• Significantly degraded over the past few decades
  due to human use and influx of invasive species
• Invasive plants, fish, invertebrates, and
  macrophytes have devastated native population
• 180 Invasive species currently inhabiting the
  Lakes (Modley, 2010)
• Asian Carp- another potential stressor to the
  aquatic ecosystem
• In the Mississippi River System they outcompete
  the native fish such as bigmouth buffalo, gizzard
  shad, and paddlefish for the phytoplankton and
  zooplankton biomass

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General aquatic food web may be used to predict
the potential impacts of the Asian carp on the
ecological system of the lakes.
http//www.nww.usace.army.mil/lsr/final_fseis/stud
y_kit/appendix_c/images/fig4-21.jpg
http//techalive.mtu.edu/meec/module08/images/Grea
tLakesEcology.jpg
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Eutrophic Conditions of Lake Michigan and Lake
Erie
www.epa.gov/solec/sogl2009/0104benthicdiversity.pd
f Values ranging from 0-0.6 indicate
oligotrophic conditions values from 0.6-1.0
indicate mesotrophic conditions (shaded area)
values above 1.0 indicate eutrophic conditions.
Data points represent average of triplicate
samples taken at each sampling site. (U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, 2006)
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Zooplankton Densities in Lake Champlain
Missisquoi Bay
St. Albans Bay
Cumberland Bay
The net zooplankton density of the thousands of
organisms per square meter in Lake Champlain
sampled throughout the 15 stations.
www.anr.state.vt.us/dec//waterq/lakes/docs/.../lp
_lc-netzoopdensity.pdf
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Potential Pathways

• Chicago Shipping and Sanitary Canal
• Des Plaines River
• Overland flooding
• Other canals
• Human facilitated introduction

(Modley, Personal communication 2010 Daniels, R
2000 Hill, W 2008 FWS 2010 Cooke et al. 2009)
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Chicago Shipping and Sanitary Canal
http//www.detnews.com/article/20091204/METRO/9120
40386 http//www.mnn.com/sites/default/files/main
_carp.jpg
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CSSC

• A man-made canal, constructed in the early 1900s
  as a sewage drain
• It is the only shipping link between Lake
  Michigan and the Mississippi River System
• Currently it is 28 miles long 202 ft wide and 22
  ft deep.

http//www.buffalonews.com/260/story/880112.html
www.lib.niu.edu
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Des Plaines River

• Flooding greatly increases this fishs mobility
  and may pose as a serious complication to any
  prevention measure
• Modley 2010, FWS 2010

http//fwcb.cfans.umn.edu/sorensen/research/CarpSp
awn.jpg
http//dnr.wi.gov/invasives/fact/asian_carp.htm
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OOPS!Accidental Introduction

• The Great Lakes have around 184 known invasive
  species and quite a few have been traced back to
  the ballast waters of cargo ships.
• Rainbow Smelt, Fishhook water Flea, Fourspine
  Stickleback
• Grass carp still shipped around the country for
  plankton control in aquaculture ponds
• For all your carp stocking needs!
  http//www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/Department/deptdocs.n
  sf/all/agdex346
• Looking at the literature, it seems the poly-carp
  stocking practice has declined significantly
  since the early 2000s

Ricciardi, 2006 http//www.wvu.e
u/agexten/aquaculture/Pondweed.pdf
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Human Facilitated Introduction

• Bait Fish
• Awaiting response from local baitfish shops
• Alewife believed to have been introduced as a
  bait fish on accident
• Culinary market
• They are a staple food in their native range and
  are slowly gaining popularity here
• Bigheaded carp is shipped live as a specialty
  food item
• As small markets develop so does the movement of
  this carp
• We shouldn't be trying to eradicate it it's too
  late for that. We should be eating it. Steve
  Mcnitt- Schafer Fisheries in Thomson, Ill (Los
  Angeles Times, Jan. 16 2010)

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New York State Canal System
http//www.shipsblog.com/navigating/maps/NYS_Canal
_overview.gif http//www.nyscanals.gov/maps/map7.
html
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NYSCS

• 524 miles of canals connecting Lake Erie to the
  finger lakes, Hudson River and Lake Champlain
• 12 ft deep in most places
• Warm, nutrient rich waters that support thriving
  sport fish populations
• Small and Large mouth bass, walleye, panfish
  northern pike, blueback herring and coho salmon

www.nycanal.com
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Champlain Canal

• 60 miles of shallow nutrient rich water
• As many as 12 invasive species including zebra
  mussels and white perch thought to have arrived
  through this canal
• Shipping traffic much lower than in the past,
  mostly for recreational use now
• Modley (2010) believes that the carp would be
  more than capable of migrating up this canal into
  Lake Champlain

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Asian Carp Preventative Measures Overview

• Current Preventative Measures
• CSSC Underwater Electric Barrier
• eDNA Sampling
• Rapid Response Plan
• Electrofishing/Netting/Targeted Removal
• Alternative Preventative Measures
• Physical Controls
• Biological/Chemical Controls
• Social Controls

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Current Preventative Measures
http//asiancarp.org/Images/water20was20up20to
20here20coming20in20to20bank.JPG
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CSSC Underwater Electric Barrier

• Only dispersal barrier between Lake Michigan and
  the Mississippi River basin
• Structure - steel cables with electrodes on
  either end
• non-lethal, gradual electric field created
  underwater
• uncomfortable for fish to pass (USACE 2007)

http//www.lrc.usace.army.mil/projects/fish_barrie
r/file/DB1.jpg
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CSSC Underwater Electric Barrier Contd

• Two barrier system
• Barrier I (demonstration)
• 1 Volts/Inch, pulsing 5Hz every 4ms
• NANPCA, completed April 2002,
• temporary
• Stretches 54 feet of canal (USACE 2009)
• Barrier II
• Barrier II-A
• 2 Volts/Inch, pulsing 15 Hz
• every 6.5 ms
• 1300ft downstream Barrier I
• Completed April 2008,
• permanent (Asian Carp Working
• Group 2010)
• Barrier II-B
• Same operating capacity as II-A
• 800 ft downstream Barrier I
• Slated for completion October 2010 (Asian Carp
  Working Group 2010)

http//www.lrc.usace.army.mil/projects/fish_barrie
r/
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CSSC Underwater Electric Barrier Contd

• Effectiveness Cost Time-Scale
• Dependant upon Barrier I 4 million
  (2007) completed April 2002
• Current velocity Barrier II project ceiling II
  A completed 04/2008
• Water Temperature 16 million (2007) IIB slated
  completion
• Conductivity (USACE 2009) 08/2010
• ( Dettmers et al. 2009)
• Carp life stage (juvenile?)
• (Brammeier et al 2008)
• Electric Barrier shown
• to be 90-99 effective
• ( Brammeir et al. 2008)
• - MDNR study in 2004 found
• electric barrier acoustic bubbler
• to be 83 effective
• HIGH UNCERTAINTY

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eDNA Sampling

• Developed at U. of Notre Dame, current method of
  Carp detection (USACE 2009)
• Examines local water samples for traces of carp
  DNA
• Mucoidal secretions
• Feces / urine
• Tissue
• Presence/Non-presence determined by identified
  genetic marker (Lodge 2010)
• Effectiveness
• Greater ease of detection
• Does not account for specimen life history
  traits, quantity present, or exact location
  (Lodge 2010)
• Cost
• Current total 2,600,000
• Future Estimates 940,000
• (Asian Carp Working Group 2010)

Figure Two sites depicting positive detections,
Site A is the Brandon Road pool, Site B is near
power plant in Dresden Island pool
http//www.lrc.usace.army.mil/pao/eDNA_FactSheet_2
0090918.pdf
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Rapid Response Program

• We believe it is still critical to support and
  defend the electric barrier while it is down for
  maintenance, said IDNR Assistant Director John
  Rogner. The barrier remains our most effective
  weapon against this very aggressive invasive
  species (IDNR 2009).

http//www.chicagonow.com/blogs/dennis-byrne-barbe
rshop/assets_c/2009/12/fish-thumb-600x405-43833.jp
g
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Rapid Response Program contd

• Maintenance on barriers required every 4-6
  months, barriers are turned off (USFWS 2010)
• Rapid Response Program implemented during these
  maintenance periods
• Program consists of dumping piscicide into CSSC
  to eliminate all biota (Asian Carp Working Group
  2010)
• Rotenone chosen by EPA as most effective means to
  eliminate Asian carp
• Derived from roots of tropical/sub tropical
  plants
• Inhibits biochemical processes at cellular level
• No fish is immune gt death (US EPA 2007)

http//www.alanwood.net/pesticides/structures/rote
none.gif
http//www.asiancarp.org/rapidresponse/images/DSC0
7419.jpg
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Rapid Response Program contd

• Effectiveness
• Studies show 65-95 effective in killing target
  species (Brammeier et al. 2008)
• Rapid Response implemented in December 2009 in
  CSSC yielded over 90 tons of dead fish, including
  one Asian carp (Hood 2009)
• Cost
• Cost of Rotenone very high, 1 / acre foot
• December 2009 application 2,200 gallons dumped
  into CSSC over three day 3 million (Hood 2009)
• Timescale
• Rotenone degrades rapidly , ceasing to affect
  fish after a few hours, becomes non-toxic after
  4-6 weeks
• (US EPA 2008)
• Application of Rotenone in accordance with
  routine maintenance schedules

http//www.asiancarp.org/rapidresponse/media.htm
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Electro-fishing/ Netting/ Targeted Removal

• In accordance with Asian Carp Working Group
  Control Strategy Framework (Feb. 2010)
• Utilizes current eDNA sampling methods
• Data reveals carp hotspots above barrier system
  where carp have been positively identified
• Warm water discharges
• Wastewater treatment plant outfalls
• Tail waters of locks and dams
• Marina basins
• Barge Slips
• Other slack water areas
• Within target areas, fish are concentrated to a
  confined area (electro-fishing, acoustics, nets)
• Removed via application of Rotenone (Asian Carp
  Working Group 2010)

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Electro-fishing/ Netting/ Targeted Removal

• Effectiveness
• Proven to be effective method to eradicate fish
  in given area
• Control study by IDNR downstream of barrier
  system yielded 30-40 Asian carp in eDNA
  identified area (MDNR et al. 2010)
• Likelihood of success directly linked to
  expedience of eDNA sample analyzation, fish are
  mobile
• Speeding up eDNA methods critical to effectvie
  removal!
• Cost
• Estimated cost for implementation of this program
  (April 2010) 2 million (Asian Carp Working
  Group 2010)

http//www.tnfish.org/ElectrofishingShockingSurvey
s_TWRA/TWRA_ElectrofishingNegus.jpg
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Alternative Preventative Measures
http//www.chicagonow.com/blogs/dennis-byrne-barbe
rshop/assets_c/2010/01/carp-thumb-560x338-56351.jp
g
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Physical Methods

• Physical Barriers
• Vertical Drop Barrier
• Hydraulic drop greater than carp leaping ability
  (10 ft)
• Dams, feasible in small tributaries gt 95-100
  effective (Brammeier et al. 2007)
• Rotating Drum Screens
• Drums set in-stream on a cable
• Continually turn, allow passage of fine debris
  but not carp ( MDNR et al. 2004)
• Small scale, 95-100 effective
• Floating Curtains
• Floating curtain attached to pilings across water
  body
• Allows fine debris to pass small scale gt
  95-100 effective (MDNR et al. 2004)
• High Velocity Structures
• Concentrated areas of high velocity
• Flat aprons in dam spillways, velocity faster
  than carp swimming speed
• Highly effective, small scale (MDNR et al. 2004)

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Physical Methods contd

• Bubble Curtains
• Perforated tube laid across bottom of channel,
• compressed air pumped through creating wall of
  bubbles
• 50-95 effective
• Construction and operating costs 0.5-1 million
• Strobe Lights
• Most effective when utilized in concert with
  other deterrents
• (bubble curtains, acoustic deflections)
• 60-95 effective in eel study
• (MDNR et al. 2004)
• Cost 0.5-1 million, but only to be used at
• channel entrances (Brammeier et al. 2007)

http//www.forces.gc.ca/site/commun/ml-fe/images/a
rticles/fullSize/09-13-11a.jpg
(MDNR et al. 2004)
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Physical Methods contd

• Acoustic Deterrents
• Sound Projector Array
• Electronic signal generator, several powerful
  amplifiers, under water array of sound projectors
  (MDNR et al. 2004)
• 80 effective, estimated cost 1 million
  (Brammeier et al. 2007)
• Acoustic field not highly concentrated, effective
  for blocking river intakes
• Uncertainty in optimal operating range to
  maximize effectiveness (life stage) (MDNR et al.
  2004)
• Bio-acoustic Fish Fence
• Combined concentrated acoustic field and bubble
  curtain
• Electromagnetic/pneumonic sound transducer
  coupled to bubble sheet generator
• Multi-faceted carp barrier
• 90 effective cost 1.2 million (MDNR et al.
  2004)
• Hybrid Systems
• System incorporating SPA with bubble curtain
  being developed
• Allow direct modification of signal to target
  Asian carp (MDNR et al. 2004)

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Figure SPA system (MDNR et al. 2004)
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Figure Bio-acoustic Fish Fence System (MDNR et
al. 2004)
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Physical Methods contd
http//www.epa.state.il.us/environmental-progress/
v30/n4/images/lockport-lock.jpg

• Modified Structural Operations
• Modified Lock Operations
• 100 certainty that carp have not passed
• electro-barrier not attained
• Modifying lock operations adjacent to
• Lake Michigan as prevention
• Proposed actions include no action, close every
  week, close one week/month, close every other
  week
• Effectiveness not known, impact to shipping may
  be significant (Asian Carp Working Group 2010)
• Modified Bank Fortifications
• Des Plaines River and IM Canal directly adjacent
  to CSSC, overland of waters between water bodies
  during storm events
• Propose modified bank fortifications to stop
  water body transfer
• Concrete barriers
• Chain link fencing
• High priority flooding zones identified for these
  structures, 13.5 mile stretch of CSSC
• High cost 13,200,000 permanent concrete
  structures effective in stopping overland flow,
  chain link fence uncertain (juveniles) (Asian
  Carp Working Group 2010)

52
Figure Des Plaines River overflow above
dispersal barriers (USACE 2010)
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Biological/Chemical Controls

• Chemical
• Rotenone, non-discriminate, large scale
• Current technology not yet developed
  carp-specific chemical (Asian Carp Working Group
  2010)
• Biological
• Relatively unknown, currently being researched
• Research effect of variable acoustics, electric
  fields, and light modifications
• Goal to disrupt spawning activities (Asian Carp
  Working Group 2010)

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Social Controls

• Prevent Direct/Indirect Introduction
• Prohibit live sale (Lacey Act)
• Educational Programs
• Social awareness (Stop Asian Carp!)
• Market controls
• Open American fishing markets to carp, commodity
  product
• Create incentives for harvest (Asian Carp Working
  Group 2010)

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(No Transcript)
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Conclusions

• Will they make it into the Great Lakes?
• YES
• Economic interest, political turmoil
• Proximity to Great Lakes
• High level of uncertainty
• Will they survive in the Lakes?
• YES
• Eutrophic Conditions of bays, inlets, slack water
  areas, and stream entry points
• Life histrory of carp
• Mobility, omniplanktivores, adaptability
• Whole lake model might not be applicable.

57
Conclusions

• Will they get to Lake Champlain?
• Colonization is likely but
• Geographic expanse
• Effectiveness of preventative measures

58
Missisquoi Bay
St. Albans Bay
Burlington Bay
Shelburne Bay
http//www.lcbp.org/PDFs/SOL2008-web.pdf
59
Conclusions

• Impacts
• Serious Ecological Impacts
• Disrupt natural food web (Cooke et al. 2009
  already detrimental to native planktivores in the
  Mississippi)
• No natural predators
• Ability to shift diet with plankton composition
• Rapid Expansion
• Large size and rapid growth rate
• Economic Impacts
• Damage Fisheries
• Mississippi River and Missouri River Systems have
  lost numerous fisheries
• Social Impacts
• Loss of recreational value of waterways
• Loss of historic, traditional fishing areas
• Aesthetic value

60
Recommendations

• PREVENTION is the best method!

61
Recommendations

• Strengthen current preventative measures
• Increase public awareness!
• Establish viable market for Asian carp
• Fund habitat suitability research
• Complete assessment
• of Great Lakes
• vulnerability

http//media.mlive.com/kzgazette_impact/photo/asia
n-carp-fe07641114258f6d_large.jpg
62
Recommendations contdPreventive Measures

• Complete construction of Barrier II-B by October
  2010, upgrade Barrier I to permanent status
• Research techniques to enhance eDNA techniques,
  increase capacity
• Strengthen current Rapid Response Programs
• - Heightened monitoring, contingency plans
• Continue target electro fishing/netting
• Implement bank fortifications to separate CSSC,
  Des Plaines River, and IM Canal
• Modify lock operations on a weekly basis
  (preventative)
• Utilize integrated alternative prevention
  measures at channel openings upstream of electric
  barriers (preventative)
• Hybrid acoustic/bubble systems, small scale
  physical barriers

63
Questions?

• Players Invasive Silver and Bigheaded carp
• Problem They possess the ability to disrupt the
  natural food web and cause significant social,
  economic, and ecological impacts
• Goal Investigate likelihood that the
• asian carp will actually spread and
• have serious impacts
• What we conclude Yes, the carp
• will reach the Great Lakes and
• possibly Lake Champlain
• Too many uncertainties to be sure
• Recommendations

PREVENTION is the best method!!!!
64
Citations

• Chen, P., Wiley, E. O., Mcnyset K. M. (2007).
  Ecological niche modeling as a predictive tool
  silver and bighead carps in North America. Biol
  Invasions, 9(43-51), DOI 10.1007/s10530-006-9004-
  x
• Cooke, L.S., Hill, R.W., Meyer, P. K. (2009)
  Feeding at different plankton densities alters
  invasive bighead carp (Hypophthalmychthys
  nobilis) growth and zooplankton species
  composition Hydrobiologia, 625(185-193). doi
  10.1007/s10750-009-9707-y
• 1Fuller, P. (2009). From NAS Nonindigenous
  Aquatic Species, Bighead Carp. USGS. Retrieved
  from http//nas2.er.usgs.gov/viewer/omap.aspx?Spe
  ciesID551
• 2Fuller, P. (2009). From NAS Nonindigenous
  Aquatic Species, Silver Carp. USGS. Retrieved
  from http//nas2.er.usgs.gov/viewer/omap.aspx?Spe
  ciesID549
• Huang, D., Liu, J., Hu, C. (2001). Fish
  resources in Chinese reservoirs and their
  utilisation. Abstract retrieved from
  http//www.fws.gov/contaminants/OtherDocuments/ACB
  SRAFinalReport2005.pdf
• Kolar, C. S., Chapman, D.C., Courteney, Jr. W.
  R., Housel, C. M., Williams, J. D., Jennings,
  D. P. (2005). Asian Carps of the Genus
  Hypophthalmichthys (Pisces, Cyprinidae) ? A
  Biological Synopsis and Environmental Risk
  Assessment.