Anatomy and Physiology of Animals

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Anatomy and Physiology of Animals
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http//vet.kku.ac.th/chaiwat/teaching/teaching2011
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References
Peters,A,R and Ball P,J,H. Reproduction in
Cattle Arthur,G,H.,Noakes,D,E.,Pearson,H. and
Parkinson,T,J. Veterinary Reproduction and
Obstetrics Pavaux,C,J,J. A Color Atlas of Bovine
Anatomy
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Female Reproductive System
Ovary Oviduct Uterus - uterine horn -
body - cervix Vagina Vulva
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Horse
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Female reproductive system
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Cattle
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Sow
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Bitch
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Ovary
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Sow
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Bitch
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Oviduct
Uterine tube or Fallopian tube Fertilization
Cat,Pig,Sheep 3 days Cow 3-5 days
Dog,Horse 8 days - infundibulum - ampulla -
isthmus length 5-9 cm Dog Cow 25-28 cm
15-30 cm Pig Horse 25-30 cm
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Bitch
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Oviduct
Frimbriae Mesosalpinx -------gt Ovarian
bursa Simple columnar epithelium
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Cilia Ampulla Longitudinal fold
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The Uterus
Horn or Cornua Body Neck or Cervix Type of
Uterus Bicornuate uterus --gt Ruminant,Pig Biparti
te Uterus --gt Horse Duplex Uterus ---gt
Rodents Simplex Uterus ---gt Primate
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Cervix
Connect to Vagina - Cylindrical - Smooth muscle
and dense fibrous tissue - internal uterine
orifice - external uterine orifice -
fornix Length Dog 1 cm Pig 15- 25 Cm
Cow 6- 7 cm ---gt 10 cm Horse 10 cm
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Cervix
Ruminant --gt Annular ring Plicae
circulares Fornix vaginae Pig ---gt Screw
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Body of Uterus
Length Cow 3 cm Bitch 2-3 cm Horse 18-20
cm Pig 5 cm
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Horn of Uterus
Length - Dog 9-10 cm - Pig 120-140 cm -
Cow 35-45 cm - Horse 25
cm intercornual ligaments Broad ligaments
round ligament of the uterus
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Uterus
Function - Implantation - Endometrium
glands --gt uterine milk - Caruncles --gt
Ruminants -Pregnancy
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Vagina Vestibule and Vulva
Vagina - Cow 25-30 cm - Horse 15-20 cm -
Pig ,Small ruminants 10-15 cm -
Epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium
cornify cell (Vaginal smear) exxept...Cow
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Vestibule
Minor vestibular glands --gt Horse Major
vestibular glands --gt Ruminants Suburethral
diverticulum
Vulva
Clitoris
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Vessels
Broad ligament - Ovarian artery or Utero
ovarian artery Uterus - Middle uterine artery
Horse ,Cow ---gt Pregnancy diagnosis
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Male Genital Organ
Testes Scrotum and spermatic cord Epididymis
Deferent duct and urethra Accessory glands
Penis Prepuce
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?????????? ?????????????????????
(1) ????????????? ( Semen )
.???????? ( spermatozoa)
?????????????? ( seminal plasma )
(2) ??????????????? ( Sex hormones )
Estrogen
Inhibin
Testosterone
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????????????????????
1. ???????????? ????????????? ??? ??????????
??????????????? ??? ??????????
2. ???? / ????????????? ( Sprematogenesis )
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??????????
? ?????????????????? ? ???????????????
??????????? ????????? ????? ( Seminiferous
tubule) ???????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????
Seminiferous tubule
? ?????????????????? ??? Interstitial tissue
? ?????????? ( Leydig cells )
Interstitial tissue
? ????????????????????????
? ??????????
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????????????( Seminiferous tubule)
?????
Spermatids
Secondary spermatocyte
Secondary spermatocyte
Primary spermatocyte
Primary spermatocyte
Primary spermatocyte
Spermatogonia
Spermatogonia
????????????????
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???????? Sertoli cells
??????????????????? ?????? ( ?????? ) (
Androgen biinding protein , ABP ?????
????????? ??????? FSH ????????????? (
Inhibin ) ??????? FSH ????? blood - testis -
barrier BT B ???????????????? ??????????????
??? structural support ????????????????????????
??????????????????????
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????????Sertoli cells
??? spermatid ?????????????????????????
Spermiogenesis ??? ( Phagocytosis )
??????????????????????????? / ??? ?????????????
spermatid ???????????? ??? ??????
????????????????????????????????? ???
?????????????????????????? ?????????
????????????????????????????????? myoid cells (
??????? Lamina propria ) ??? ??????????
BTB . ??? Spermatocyte ??? spermatid ???
immune system
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39.0? C pampiniform plexus of artery and vein
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?? ????????????????????????????????????
(counter-current exchange) ???????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????? 4 - 7 ? C
33.0?C
?????
??????????? (epididymis)
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Epididymis
1. ??????? ( Head / Caput ) 2.????????? ( Body
/ Carpus ) 3. ??????? ( Tail / Cauda )
???????
?? 40-60 ???? ???? 34 ????
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?????????????????????? ( Epididymis )
1 ???????????? ( Trausportation )
2 ????????????????????? ( Concentration of Sperm)
3 ?????????????????? ( Maturation of Sperm)
4 ???????????????? ( Storage of Sperm )
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???????????????
???? ??????? 9-14
??? ??? ??????? 13-15 ??? ?? ???????
9-11 ???
??????????????????????????????????????
10-20 ?????????????? ?
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??????????????????????????
??????????????????? ?????????????????? ??? 60
??? ???????????? 50-70 ?????????? ( ???? )
????????????????
1. pH ??? 2.
??????????????????? 3. CO2 ???
4. ??????? K Na ??? 5.
???????????????????????????? 6.
??????????????????????????
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?????????????? ( Vas deferens )
- ??????????????????? ?????????????????
??????????????? ??????? inguinal ring
????????????????????? ???????? ??????????????
???????????????? ????? Ampulla ??????? ?? ???
??? -Ampulla ?? ???????????????????? ??????? (
ampullary glands ) ( ??? , ?? ?????
ergothioncine )
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Accessory Glands
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Male genital organ of the Stallion
Prostate gland disseminate absent
Lobe 5-9 x 3-6 x 1 cm
isthmus 3 cm
Urethralis muscle
Bulbourethral gland club-shaped 4-5 x 2.5 cm
Colliculus seminalis
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Male genital organ of the Bull
Prostate gland
Bilobed 1-1.5 x 1 x 3 caudal of vesicular
gland enclosed by urethralis muscle disseminate
part only small ruminants
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Male genital organ of the Stallion
Penis musculocavernous type 50 cm long
16 cm (max .circum)
1.Glans penis Fossa glandis gt
smegma Urethral process Ext.urethral
orifice Corona glandis Collum
glandis 2.Free part
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Male genital organ of the Stallion
Penis
Corpus cavernosum tunica albuginea Corpus
spongiosum Corpus spongiosum glandis
Prepuce preputial orifice - external
laminae - internal laminae
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Male genital organ of the Bull
Accessory glands
Vesicular glands largest, irregular
10 - 12 x 1.5 -3.5 x 1- 1.5 cm
rectal palpation excretory duct pass
prostate gland before open to colliculus
seminalis
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Male genital organ of the Bull
Penis
Fibroelastic type firm and nearly cylindrical
90 -100 cm, 30- 50 cm in small
ruminant quiescent sigmoid flexure
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Male genital organ of the Bull
Penis
Free part counterclockwise urethral groove
and raphe penis glans poor developed
urethral process
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Male genital organ of the Bull
Prepuce
narrow 25 -40 cm preputial orifice frenulum
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Male genital organ of the Bull
Scrotum Long pendulous pouch
Testis
Size and position is differ Bull 250 - 300
gm. Ram 200-300 gm. Goat 145 -150 gm.
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Male genital organ of the Boar
Accessory glands
Vesicular gland large pyramidal 12-17 x 6-8
x 3-5 cm. Prostate gland small 3-4 x 2-3 x 1
cm. Bulbourethral glands very large
cylindrical
17-18 x 5 cm diameter
castrated gt small
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Male genital organ of the Boar
Penis
Fibroelastic type 60 cm.long sigmoid
flexure small glans
Prepuce preputial diverticulum dorsoventrally
flatteded pouch 135 ml
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Male genital organ of the Boar
Scrotum and testis
Large devided by a deep groove Testis 400 - 800
gm. Long and elliptical epididymis large
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Physiology of female reproductive system

• Estrus cycle
• Pregnancy
• Puberty
• Heifer
• Gilt

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Ovarian Cycles
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Reproductive Hormones

• Gonadtropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
• Produced by hypothalamus
• Stimulates release of LH and FSH
• Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
• Produced by anterior pituitary
• Acts on follicles LH surge causes ovulation
• Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
• Produced by anterior pituitary
• Acts on follicles stimulates follicle
  growth

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Reproductive Hormones

• Estrogen
• Secreted by follicles
• Responsible for estrous behavior
• Progesterone
• Secreted by corpus luteum (CL)
• CL develops at site of ovulation
• Suppresses estrous activity
• Prostaglandin F2a (PG)
• Secreted by uterus
• Causes regression of CL

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Estrus

• Commonly known as heat
• Period of time when the female is sexually
  receptive and ovulation is about to occur.

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Heat

• Standing heat 8-30 hrs (21 hrs average)
• Ovulation occurs 10-14 hrs after estrus ends
• Breed 12 hrs after last visual sign of standing
  heat.

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