Soul

1
Soul Body, Human DestinyIntroduction part
II

• Historical background
• 2. Platos (Greek, 428-348) dualism
• Euthydemus (ca. early 380s)
• What is happiness?
• Having?
• Using what we have?
• Requires knowledge
• Which kind of knowledge is the most worthwhile?

2
Soul Body, Human DestinyIntroduction part
II

• Knowledge of the good
• Platos theory of salvation
• Cf. Christianity
• The Phaedo (ca. 384)
• One of the aims of philosophy is to practice for
  dying and death (10)
• What does this mean?

3
Soul Body, Human DestinyIntroduction part
II

• Platos dualism
• Extreme?
• Platos denigration of the bodily?
• The Ideas or Forms
• Platos position on afterlife is immortality, not
  resurrection.

4
Soul Body, Human Destiny in theOld New
Testaments

• 3. Human destiny in the O.T. N.T.
• The Hebrew Bible
• Life in Sheol ? a life of lethargy
  inactivity, on the borderline of consciousness.
  Does this imply some sort of dualism?

5
Soul Body, Human Destiny in theOld New
Testaments

• Resurrection in the O.T.
• Isaiah 2619 - reference here may be political
  not refer to the human person
• Daniel 122-3 (c. 165 B.C.E)

6
Soul Body, Human Destiny in theOld New
Testaments

• In the apocrapha
• Ecclesiasticus 1727-28 - death is final
• Wisdom of Solomon 31-5 - probably written by a
  Hellenized Jew notion of immortality
• II Enoch II Baruch - intermediate state
  resurrection

7
Soul Body, Human Destiny in early
Christianity

• When will resurrection occur?
• Resurrection in the N.T.
• locus classicus I Corinthians 15 II Cor.
  51-10
• 4. The Christian tradition
• Early Christianity
• Origin - resurrected person is entirely spiritual

8
Soul Body, Human Destiny in early
Christianity

• Jerome - literal bodily resurrection
• Augustine - resurrection of a transformed earthly
  body
• Medieval Christianity
• Aquinas - soul without the body is emaciated,
  incomplete. Complete person is both soul body.
  Probably combines resurrection immortality.

9
Soul Body, Human Destiny in early
Christianity

• Oscar Cullman on the death of Socrates the
  death of Jesus
• Sum N.T. early, medieval Christianity
  support 2 notions of resurrection
• Extinction/recreaton - compatible with monism?
  Defended by Cullmann Hick. Problem Personal
  identity.

10
Soul Body, Human Destiny in early
Christianity

• Intermediate state
• Requires some sort of dualism? A soul which in
  intermediate state is incomplete, emaciated
• A combination of immortality resurrection

11
Badhams physicalism

• 5. Badhams physicalism
• No possibility of retention of personal identity
  without continuity
• To Badham file

12
Lamms argument for afterlife

• 6. Maurice Lamms response
• A top-down argument for life after death
• Begin with attributes of God
• Goodness of God
• Life is gift
• Expectation following from this

13
Soul Body, Human Destiny

• 7. John Hicks rejection of dualism defense of
  personal identity in resurrection
• To Hick