Exploring American History Unit VII

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Exploring American HistoryUnit VII Beginning
of Modern America

• Chapter 21 - The Progressive Spirit of Reform
• Section 4- The Progressive Presidents

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The Progressives 321 min.
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The Progressive Presidents

• The Big Idea
• American presidents in the early 1900s did a
  great deal to promote progressive reforms.
• Main Ideas
• Theodore Roosevelts progressive reforms tried to
  balance the interests of business, consumers, and
  laborers.
• William Howard Taft angered Progressives with his
  cautious reforms, while Woodrow Wilson enacted
  far-reaching banking and antitrust reforms.

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Theodore Roosevelt 513
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Main Idea 1 Theodore Roosevelts progressive
reforms tried to balance the interests of
business, consumers, and laborers.

• Theodore Roosevelt called his reform policy the
  Square Deal.
• Used his policy to help settle the 1902 coal
  miners strike
• Threatened to take over the mines unless managers
  agreed to arbitration, a formal process for
  settling disputes, with the strikers

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Theodore Roosevelt

• 1901-1909- 26th President (Republican)
• McKinleys Death
• Rough Riders and San Juan Hill
• Square Deal
• 1902 Coal Strike
• Northern Securities Case
• Meat Inspection Act 1906
• Food and Drug Act 1906
• Employers Liability Act
• Newlands Reclamation Act 1902

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Regulating Big Business

• Influenced by Upton Sinclairs The Jungle,
  Roosevelt urged Congress to enact meat inspection
  laws.
• Congress passed the Pure Food and Drug Act in
  1906.
• Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transport
  of mislabeled or contaminated food and drugs
• Roosevelt persuaded Congress to regulate railroad
  shipping rates.
• Was the first president to successfully use the
  1890 Sherman Trust Act to break up a monopoly
• The public largely supported this expansion of
  federal regulatory powers.

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Roosevelts View of the Presidency

• Protecting the Consumers
• Food and Drug industries- selling dangerous
  products to unknowing public.
• Tainted food and medicines that did not work or
  were dangerous narcotics (cocaine, opium and
  heroine)
• Upton Sinclair and The Jungle.
• Meat Inspection Act- federal inspections of meat
  shipped across state lines.
• Pure Food and Drug Act- forbid sale, manufacture
  or transportation or food or patent medicine
  containing harmful ingredients. Food and
  medicine must carry a label of ingredients.

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Conservation

• Roosevelt strongly supported conservation, the
  protection of nature and its resources.
• Considered it an important national priority
• Some preservationists wanted to protect nature to
  save its beauty.
• Other preservationists wanted to make sure the
  nation used its natural resources efficiently.
• Roosevelt responded by
• Adding 150 million acres of public land to the
  Forest Service to regulate use of forest
  resources by business
• Doubling the number of national parks to preserve
  natural beauty
• Created 18 national monuments
• Started 51 bird sanctuaries

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Roosevelts View of the Presidency

• Environmental Conservation
• Roosevelt believed each generation should protect
  and conserve nature for the future.
• John Muir- Naturalist, wanted to preserve nature
  in its natural state.
• Roosevelt- active management of public lands for
  various uses. Some land as wilderness and some
  for economic uses.
• Newlands Reclamation Act- 1902- Federal
  government created irrigation projects with money
  from sale of public lands. Irrigation would
  reclaim over 20 projects
• Gifford Pinchot- 1st chief of the U.S. Forest
  Service which added over 150 million acres to
  national forests. Followed Roosevelts beliefs.
• The Antiquities Act of 1906- created 18 national
  monuments.

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Roosevelts Progressive Reforms

• Recall - What did the Square Deal policy do for
  the public good?
• Make Generalizations In what way does the Pure
  Food and Drug Act Protect Citizens?
• Evaluate What do you think about Roosevelts
  accomplishments in conservation?

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Price of Progress
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William Howard Taft

• 1909-1913- 27th President (Republican)
• 16th Amendment
• Payne-Aldrich Tariff
• Ballinger-Pinchot Affair
• Mann-Elkins Act 1910
• Roosevelt returns
• Election of 1912- Republicans split.
• Taft- 45 indictments against trusts civil
  service jobs million acres to national reserves
  protected mineral rights postal saving banks, 2
  new states, 16th amendment (income tax) Dept. of
  Commerce and Dept. of Labor.
• Roosevelt- Good and bad trusts, Issues,
  Progressives (Bull Moose) and New Nationalism
• Wilson- Issues and New Freedom
• Debs- Socialist
• Outcome of Election

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William H. Taft- 340
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Main Idea 2William Howard Taft angered
Progressives with his cautious reforms, while
Woodrow Wilson enacted far-reaching banking and
antitrust reforms.

• William Howard Taft moved more cautiously than
  Roosevelt had toward reform and regulation.
• Progressives were disappointed in Tafts approach
  to reform.
• Tafts signing of the Payne-Aldrich Tariff, which
  raised prices for consumers, was opposed by many
  Progressives.

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The Republican Party Splits
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Election of 1912

• All four candidates were reformers.

• Taft ran for reelection on the Republican ticket.
• Roosevelt, angry at Taft, formed the Progressive
  Party to run for president.
• Woodrow Wilson ran on the Democratic ticket and
  was elected president by a wide margin.
• Eugene V. Debs ran on the Socialist Party ticket.

• Woodrow Wilson won by a wide margin as the
  Republican voters split between Taft and
  Roosevelt.

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Woodrow Wilson

• 1913-1921- 28th President (Democrat)
• Leadership
• Underwood Tariff Act
• Federal Reserve Act 1913
• Clayton Anti-Trust Act 1914
• Federal Trade Commission Act 1914

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Wilsons Reforms

• Introduced the modern income tax, made possible
  by ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment in
  1913
• Addressed banking reform with the Federal Reserve
  Act in 1913, creating a national banking system
• Pushed for laws to regulate big business
• The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 strengthened
  laws against monopolies.
• The Federal Trade Commission, created in 1914,
  had the power to investigate and punish unfair
  trade practices.

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Reforms of Taft and Wilson

• Explain To what was Wilson referring when he
  used the term human cost?
• Sequence Describe the sequence of events
  leading up to and including the election of
  Wilson.

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Reforms of Taft and Wilson

• Recall What allowed the modern income tax to go
  into effect?
• Explain What power does the Federal Trade
  Commission have?

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