Module 00101-04 Basic Safety

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Module 00101-04 Basic Safety

• NCCER Core

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Transparency 1
Objectives
 Upon completion of this module, you will be able
to do the following 1. Explain the role that
safety plays in the construction crafts.   2.
Describe the meaning of job-site safety.   3.
Describe the characteristics of a competent
person and a qualified person.   4. Explain
the appropriate safety precautions to take around
common job-site hazards.   5. Demonstrate the
use and care of appropriate personal
protective equipment (PPE).   6. Properly don
and remove personal protective equipment
(safety goggles, hard hat, and personal fall
protection). 7. Follow the safety procedures
required for lifting heavy objects. 8. Describe
safe behavior on and around ladders and
scaffolds. 9. Explain the importance of Hazard
Communications (HazCom) and material safety
data sheets (MSDSs). 10. Describe fire
prevention and firefighting techniques. 11. Defi
ne safe work procedures to use around electrical
hazards.
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Understand why safety is important

• Results of Causes of injuries.
• 88 of shop injuries are involved with equipment
  use.
• 38 Caused by Misuse of Equipment.
• 4 Caused by Equipment Malfunction.

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Understand why safety is important

• Leading injuries caused by equipment
• Lacerations 71
• Burns 6
• Abrasions 5
• Equipment that causes lacerations, burns
  abrasions
• Table saw 15
• All other saws 15
• Band saw 13
• Welding machine 4

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Understand why safety is important

• Impact of injuries
• Pain Suffering
• Loss of Limbs
• Loss of School or Work Time
• Cost
• Effect on Grades
• Effect on Athletics in the School

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Causes of Accidents

• Communication
• Poor Work Habits
• Drug Alcohol Abuse
• Lack of Skill
• Intentional Acts
• Unsafe Acts

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Causes of Accidents

• Poor Work Habits
• Procrastinating- Delayed Repair, Delayed or
  Improper Cleaning, etc.
• Never put off tomorrow what you can do today.

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Causes of Accidents

• Poor Work Habits
• Horseplay

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Causes of Accidents

• Drug Alcohol Abuse
• Legal Illegal Decreased Awareness

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Causes of Accidents

• Lack of Skill
• Lack of Proper Training
• Failure to Read Operators Manual
• Intentional Acts
• People purposefully causing dangerous situations.

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Causes of Accidents

• Unsafe Acts
• Not wearing Personal Protection Equipment (PPE)
• Improper use of tools
• Taking an improper working position

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Causes of Accidents

• Failure to Control Fire Sources
• Fuel
• Heat
• Oxygen

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Figure 1 - Communication tags/signs

• Safety Colors
• Red Danger
• Orange Warning
• Yellow Caution
• Blue Information
• Green Safety
• Black Yellow Diagonal Stripes Radioactive
• White Traffic areas
• White Black Stripes Traffic Markings
• Gray - Floors

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Other signs

• White background and a red panel with white or
  gray letters
• DO NOT START
• DO NOT OPERATE

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Figure 3 - How many violations can you identify?

• Many states have laws that prevent workers from
  collecting insurance benefits if they are injured
  while under the influence of alcohol or illegal
  drugs.

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Good House Keeping Guidelines

• Keep aisles and exits clear
• Clean up spills
• Dispose of waste often and combustibles
• Remove scrap with nails out of work area
• Containers for flammable and harmful refuse must
  be covered
• Store all tools and equipment when youre
  finished using them

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OSHA Act of 1970

• OSHA Occupational Safety and Health
  Administration Mission
• is to save lives, prevent injuries, and protect
  the health of Americas workforce.
• The General Duty Clause summarizes the intent of
  the OSHA ACT OF 1970

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Differences between.

• Incidents
• Anything that could have caused an injury or
  damage if it hadnt been caught in time
• Accidents
• Anything that causes an injury or property damage
• Injury
• Anything that requires treatment, even minor
  first aid.

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Making a Report

• All injuries and incidents must be reported.

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Welding Safety

• Oil or grease in contact with compressed oxygen
  will cause an explosion
• Flash burn are caused by exposing your eyes to
  ultraviolet light

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• A regulator is attached to a cylinder valve to
  reduce the high cylinder pressure to the required
  lower working pressure

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A confined space has limited amount of
ventilation.
Figure 13 - Permit-required confined space
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Carbon Monoxide

• All internal combustion engines give off a deadly
  odorless, tasteless, invisible gas called Carbon
  Monoxide

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Preventing Fires

• Work in well ventilated areas
• Do Not smoke or light matches when working near
  combustibles.
• Keep oily and greasy rags away from heat sources.
• Store combustibles in approved containers

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Extinguishing Fires

• Classes of Fires and Fire Extinguishers
• Class A Ordinary Combustible (Wood, Paper)
• Class B Grease, Liquid, Gasses
• Class C Electrical
• Class D Metal

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Preventing Accidents

• How can general safety procedures be applied to
  classroom / lab / farm situations?

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Lab Safety

• A. Always wear proper eye protection.
• B. Observe all warning signs.
• C. Use the proper tools for the job.
• D. Be aware of your surroundings.
• E. Know where your fire extinguishers are.
• F. Wear gloves for your protection.
• G. Use properly grounded tools.

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Classroom Safety

• A. Always wear proper eye protection.
• B. Report any injuries to instructor.
• C. No Running or Horseplay.
• D. Report defective tools to instructor.
• E. Observe all warning signs.

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Sources

• Textbooks
• Herren, Ray V., Cooper, Elmer L., Agriculture
  Fundamentals Applications, Albany, NY, Delmar
  2002-2004
• Core Curriculum Introductory Craftskills,
  Columbus, OH, Prentice Hall, 2004 NCCER Chapter 1

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Session II Basic Safety

• Construction Job Site Hazards
• Section 3.0.0
• Pages 1-12ltgt1-18

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Welding

• You do not have to be the welder to sustain an
  injury
• Material handlers must use extreme caution when
  transporting and storing oxygen and acetylene
  cylinders.
• Never look at welding
• If you are in the proximity you must have
  personal protective equipment.
• Keep the work area clean and free from
  potentially combustible materials.

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When you are welding, use the proper personal
equipment

• Snug-fitting cutting goggles that have filter
  lenses
• And appropriate long-sleeve shirt with the collar
  buttoned
• A cap with the bill worn backwards to prevent
  sparks from falling down the back of your shirt.
• Earplugs to prevent flying sparks from entering
  your ears

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• All leather, gauntlet-type welders gloves
• High-top leather boots to prevent slag from
  dropping inside your boots
• Cuffless trousers that cover your ankles and boot
  tops
• A respirator, if necessary

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Precautions

• Set up welding shields
• Make sure everyone in the proximity wears flash
  goggles
• Have a helper or monitor to watch the surrounding
  area in case of a fire or other emergency.
• Rope off the area to keep other construction
  workers away from the area

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Warning

• Welded material is hot. Mark it with a sign and
  stay clear until cool enough to touch
• Even a brief exposure from ultraviolet light can
  damage your eyes badly.
• Never wear contact lenses while you are welding.
• If you think you have a flash burn seek medical
  help

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Welder/Operator must check three things

• Hoses
• Use proper hoses know the color codes and use
  only correct hoses for each situation
• Check for leaks, burns, worn places or other
  defects
• Remove talc from new hoses
• Never tape over a hose burn

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Regulators

• Regulators are attached to the cylinder valve
• They lower (regulate) cylinder pressure to
  required working pressure
• Never jar or shake regulators
• Check that the adjusting screw is released before
  the valve is turned on
• Always open cylinder valves slowly
• Stand to one side when opening valves

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The Work Area

• Check the area for fire hazards
• Remove or cover flammable material
• Have and approved fire extinguisher available
• Work only in a well ventilated area
• Be aware of fumes such as Zinc from galvanized
  coatings and brass
• Pick up cutting scraps

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• Sweep up any debris from around work area
• Return cylinders and equipment to the proper
  places
• Make sure all metals and slag are cooled before
  disposing of them

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Trenches and Excavations3.2.0 Page 1-15

• Cave-ins and falling objects are hazards in these
  areas.
• Never put tools, materials or loose dirt or rocks
  within 2 feet of the edge of a trench
• Walk around a trench never jump over or straddle
  it.
• Never jump into a trench use a ladder to enter
  and exit.

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• Put barricades around all trenches (see
  illustration 10 pg. 1-16)
• Follow OSHA regulations for shoring up a trench
  to prevent a cave-in.
• Never work beyond the shoring
• Do not start work until a competent person has
  inspected the work area.
• Never work in excavations that have standing
  water unless you have taken proper precautions.

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Proximity Work3.3.0 Pg. 1-16

• Working near a hazard but not in direct contact
  is called proximity work.
• Take precautions not to come into contact with
  the nearby hazard.
• In hazard situations use a monitor to watch you
  while you work t o be sure you do not touch the
  hazard.
• Check regulations and policies to tell you
  minimum safe working distance from energized
  electrical conductors.

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Pressurized or High-Temperature Systems 3.3.1 Pg.
1-17

• Tanks, piping systems, and pumps may be
  pressurized or contain high-temperature fluids.
• Touching containers may cause severe burns.
• Damage containers may leak and should be avoided
  until checked by a qualified inspector.
• All work around pressurized or high-temperature
  systems is proximity work.
• Barricades or a monitor or both should be used
  for safety.

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Confined Spaces3.4.0 Pg. 1-17

• A confined space is a space large enough for a
  person to work in but has limited entry and exit.
• Examples tanks, vessels, silos, storage bins,
  hoppers, vaults and pits.
• Permit required confined space a space that has
  been evaluated and found to have actual or
  potential hazards.

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Motorized Vehicles3.5.0 Pg. 1-19

• Motorized vehicles include trucks, forklifts,
  backhoes, cranes and trenchers.
• Operators must be aware of helpers or anyone else
  working nearby.
• If used indoors, proper ventilation must be
  provided.
• Internal combustion engines give off carbon
  monoxide in the exhaust.
• Carbon monoxide has no smell or taste

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Safety Guidelines

• Always wear a seat belt
• Ensure each passenger has a proper seat
• Obey all speed limits
• Look and sound horn before backing up
• Use a signaler if rear vision is blocked
• Shut off engine when refueling
• Turn off engine and set emergency break before
  leaving vehicle.
• Never remain in a truck that is being loaded
• Keep windshields, rearview mirrors, and lights
  clean and functional

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Basic Safety Session III. Safety is no accident
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4.0.0 Pg. 1-23 Working Safely with Job Hazards

• As long as everyone follows safety procedures,
  there is little risk of being hurt on the job
  site.

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5.0.0 Personal Protective Equipment

• Probably saved more lives and serious injuries
  than any single component of safety
• The best protective equipment is of no use unless
  you use it.
• Inspect it regularly
• Use it properly and correctly
• Never alter or modify it in any way.

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Examples of Personal Protective Equipment
includes

• Hard Hats
• Safety glasses, goggles, and face shields
• Safety harness
• Gloves
• Safety toed shoes
• Hearing protection
• Respiratory protection

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Lockout / tagout
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4.1.0 Pg. 1-23 Lock Out Tag Out

• Safeguards workers from hazardous energy while
  they work with machines and equipment.
• Tags are placed on each switch, circuit breaker,
  valve, or other component to make sure that
  motors arent started, valves opened or closed
  that would endanger the worker.

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Hazards that might require lock out/tag out

• Acids
• Air pressure
• Chemicals
• Electricity
• Flammable liquids
• High temperatures
• Hydraulics
• Machinery
• Steam
• Other forms of energy

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Follow these rules for a safe lockout/tagout
system.

• Never operate any equipment with a tag on it.
• Use only tags that are approved for your job site

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4.2.0 Barriers and Barricades
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• Any opening in a wall or floor is a safety
  hazard.
• Two types of protection for these openings
• 1. Guarded
• 2. Covered
• Covered is best when possible

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• Whenever the bottom edge of a wall opening is
  fewer than 3 feet above the floor
• And would allow someone to fall 4 feet or more
  guards must be in place.

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6.0.0 Safe Lifting
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Safe lifting procedure

• Step 1. Move close to the object you are going to
  lift.
• Position your feet in a forward/backward stride,
  with one foot at the side of the object
• Step 2. Bend your knees and lower your body,
  keeping your back straight and as nearly upright
  as possible.
• Step 3. Place your hands under the object.

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• Wrap your arms around it, or grasp the handles.
• To get your hands under an object that is flat on
  the floor, use both hands to lift one corner.
• Slip one hand under that corner.
• With one hand under, tilt the object to get the
  other hand under the opposite side.

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• Step 4. Draw the object close to your body.
• Step 5. Lift by slowly straightening your legs
  and keeping the objects weight as much as
  possible over your legs.

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Basic Safety Secession IV
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7.0.0 Aerial Work Pg. 1-32
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• Construction work often requires workers to work
  in elevated locations
• Serious injuries and deaths have been caused from
  falls
• Elevated sites can be made safe with the proper
  equipment and attitudes

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7.1.0 Ladders and Scaffolds

• You can reduce risk of accidents by inspecting
  ladders and scaffolds before use.

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Correct Ladder Placement
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Warning

• Always maintain a three point contact with the
  ladder at all times
• Two hands, one foot.
• Two feet, one hand.

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Warning

• Never overload ( exceed the maximum intended
  load) the ladder.
• Maximum load is the sum of all weight including
• Employees.
• Equipment.
• Tools.
• Material.

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General Knowledge Information

• The highest safe standing level on an extension
  ladder is the forth rung from the top.
• A type 1A ladder is rated for 300 lbs.
• To step off a ladder onto a roof top or platform,
  the ladder should extend at least 3 feet above
  the point of contact.

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8.0.0 Hazard Communication Standard

• Established by OSHA under the rule known as
  Right to Know
• MSDS sheets
• Material Safety Dada Sheets
• Must accompany every shipment of hazardous
  substance

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MSDS Sheets Must Contain the Following
Information

• The identity of the substance
• Exposure limits
• Physical and Chemical Characteristics of the
  substance
• The kind of hazard the substance presents
• Precautions for safe handling and use

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• The reactivity of the substance
• Specific control measures
• Emergency first-aid procedures
• Manufacture contact for more information

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Your Responsibility

• Know where the MSDS sheets are on your job site
• Report any hazards you spot on the job site to
  your supervisor
• Know the physical and health hazards of any
  hazardous materials on your job site, and know
  the precautions needed to protect yourself from
  these hazards

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• Know what to do in case of an emergency
• Know the location and content of your employers
  written hazard communication program

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9.0.0 Fire Safety

• Many materials used on construction sites are
  flammable
• Many construction activities create sparks

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9.1.0 How Fires Start

• Three things are needed for a fire to start
• Fuel (Anything that when combined with oxygen and
  heat that will burn)
• Heat (Anything that will raise the fuels
  temperature to the flash point
• Oxygen Always present in the air

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9.2.0 Fire Prevention

• Make sure the three elements needed for a fire
  are not all present at the same time
• Work in well ventilated areas
• Never smoke or light matches when working with
  flammable materials
• Store combustible materials in approved
  containers only

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• Know where to find the fire extinguishers and
  what kind of extinguishers to use on each type of
  fire
• Make sure all extinguishers are fully charged and
  in an operable condition

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10.0.0 Electrical Safety
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Electrical Facts

• To create an electrical current, a path must be
  provided in a circular rout or circuit.
• If this path is interrupted it will try to
  complete its circular path by following the path
  of the least resistance.
• When current can not find a path it will attempt
  to go to the ground.

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Basic Safety Guidelines

• One of the most common safety grounding systems
  three-wire extension cords to protect you from
  accidental shock
• Make sure panels, switches, outlets, and plugs
  are grounded
• Never use bare electric wire
• Never use metal ladders around any source of
  electricity

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• Never wear a metal hard hat
• Always inspect electrical power tools before you
  use them
• Never operate any piece of electrical equipment
  that has a danger tag or lockout device attached
• Use only three-wire cords for portable power tools

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• Never use worn or frayed cables
• Make sure all light bulbs have protective guards
  to prevent accidental contact
• Do not hang temporary lights by their power cords
  unless they are specifically designed for this use

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10.2.0 Working Near Energized Electrical Equipment

• This is an example of proximity work
• Keep a safe working distance
• Check regulations and company policies for the
  minimum safe working distance
• Know the safe working distance for each situation
• Never allow any part of your body or the tools
  you are working to get closer than the safe
  working distance

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10.3.0 If Someone Is Shocked

• Immediately disconnect the circuit.
• If you cannot disconnect, use a dry board, stick,
  rope, coat, blanket or any other nonconducting
  material to separate the victim from the circuit.
• Do not use any object that might contain metal.

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Safe Lifting

• Back Injuries are the 2nd-most common workplace
  problem
• A back injury costs an average of 11,645 in
  medical claims and lost time wages.
• National Safety Council
• Most back injuries can be prevented

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Safe Lifting
Lever effect -- can magnify weight by factor of
up to 10
100 lbs.
10 lbs.
Maximum Safe Lifting Weight 51 lbs. National
Safety Council
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Safe Lifting
Means using your head!
Use Your Head and Save Your Back!

• Bend your knees - not your back!

• Let your legs do the lifting

• STAND close to the load

Get Help with heavy or awkward loads!
Use the right tools!
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Safe Lifting
Carrying the load

• Hold the load close so you can see over it.
• Keep the load balanced.
• Avoid twisting the body
• Watch out for pinch points -- doorways, etc.
• Face the way you will be moving.

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Safe Lifting
For those Awkward Moments...

• If you must lift or lower from a high place
• Stand on a platform instead of a ladder
• Lift the load in smaller pieces if possible
• Push the load to see how heavy and stable it is.
• Slide the load as close to yourself as possible
  before lifting up or down.
• Get help when needed to avoid an injury.

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Safe Lifting
From hard-to-get-at places...

• Get as close to the load as possible
• Keep back straight, stomach muscles tight
• Push buttocks out behind you.
• Bend your knees
• Use leg, stomach, and buttock muscles to lift --
  not your back.