XENOPHOBIA

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XENOPHOBIA
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A FEAR OF STRANGERS

• Prof. Dr Zorica Mrševic
• Deputy Ombudsman of Serbia

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A fear of strangers

• Fear of or aversion to
• Persons from other countries
• Other cultures, subcultures and subsets of belief
  systems

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In short

• Anyone who meets any list of criteria about
  their
• origin
• religion
• personal beliefs
• habits
• language
• orientations, or
• any other criteria

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Xenophobia consists of two parts

• Xeno (a combining form meaning "guest, stranger,
  person that looks different, foreigner")
• and
• Phobia ("fear, horror or aversion, especially if
  morbid").

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Target" group is a set of persons

• Not accepted by the society
• Only the phobic person need hold the belief that
  the target group is not (or should not be)
  accepted by society

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Phobic person

• Is aware of the aversion (even hatred) of the
  target group
• They may not identify it or accept it as a fear

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Xenophobia is similar to

• Racism
• Prejudice
• Discrimination

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Racism 1

• is the belief that race is the primary
  determinant of human traits and capacities and
• that racial differences produce an inherent
  superiority of a particular race.

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In the case of institutional racism

• Certain racial groups may be denied rights or
  benefits, or
• get preferential treatment
• while reverse racism
• favors members of a historically disadvantaged
  group at the expense of those of a historically
  advantaged group.

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Racism 2

• Racial discrimination typically points out
  taxonomic differences between different groups of
  people,
• Even though anybody can be racialised,
  independently of their somatic differences.

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According to the UN conventions there is no
distinction between the term racial
discrimination and ethnic discrimination.
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A prejudice

• Is an implicitly held belief, often about a group
  of people.
• Race, economic class, gender or sex, ethnicity,
  sexual orientation, age and religion are other
  common subjects of prejudice.

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Prejudices are abstract-general preconceptions
or abstract-general attitudes

• Towards any type of situation object or person.

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Forms of prejudice
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Tree types

• Cognitive Prejudice refers to what people believe
  to be true
• Affective Prejudice refers to what people like
  and dislike for example, in attitudes toward
  members of particular clasess such as race,
  ethnicity, national origin, or creed.
• Conative Prejudice refers to how people are
  inclined to behave.

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Examples

• Someone may believe that a particular group
  possesses low levels of intelligence, but harbour
  no ill feeling towards that group.
• A group may be disliked because of intense
  competition for jobs, but still recognise no
  differences between groups.

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Traditional psychologists described prejudice a
result of frustration
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Personality approach

• Classical explanation on prejudice concerns the
  personalities which create tendency on prejudice
  against minorities.
• Psychologists suggested various personalities
  contributing to discrimination, including
  authoritariarism, dogmatism, closed-mindedness,
  dominant orientation, etc

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People having these personalities refuse to
accept belief-contradicting informationthus
remain their stereotype on the prejudiced group.
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Intergroup approach

• Social psychologists explain prejudice as the
  effect of group interaction.
• When we are identified with a group, we show some
  general characteristics including

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• Ethnocentrism,
• ingroup favoritism,
• intergroup differentiation
• and so on,
• which contribute to prejudice.

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Learning theories

• provide a way of understanding how behaviour
  develops and propagates among generations

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Parents/child

• Although, empirical results often showed
  significant correlation between parents and
  childs attitude,
• The correlation is typically low especially after
  the child grew up.
• Learning theory can only explain part of the
  reason behind prejudice.

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• Learning theorists suggest that prejudice is
  learned from others
• and therefore
• Are unable to explain how prejudice emerges from
  the very beginning.

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Subjective uncertainty reduction theory

• people are motivated to reduce subjective
  uncertainty
• by identifying with social groups

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Discrimination

• Treatment taken toward or against a person of a
  certain group that is taken in consideration
  based on class or category.
• The UN explains "Discriminatory behaviours take
  many forms, but they all involve some form of
  exclusion or rejection."

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Types of discrimination

• INDIVIDUAL
• INSTITUTIONAL
• STRUCTURAL

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CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF
DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMENUN

• CEDAW

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Article I

• For the purposes of the present Convention, the
  term "discrimination against women" shall mean
• Any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on
  the basis of sex

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which has the effect or purpose of

• impairing or nullifying the recognition,
  enjoyment or exercise by women,
• irrespective of their marital status,
• on a basis of equality of men and women,
• of human rights and
• fundamental freedoms in the political, economic,
  social, cultural, civil or any other field.

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Racial discrimination

• Racial discrimination differentiates between
  individuals on the basis of real and perceived
  racial differences.
• It has been official government policy in several
  countries, such as South Africa in the apartheid
  era, and the USA.

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Sociological definition of racism

• Racism is a system of group privilege.
• Culturally sanctioned beliefs, which, regardless
  of intentions involved,
• Defend the advantages whites have because of the
  subordinated position of racial minorities

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Xenophobia

• there are two main objects of the phobia

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The first object

• Is a population group present within a society
  that is not considered part of that society.
• Often they are recent immigrants

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BUT

• Xenophobia may be directed against a group which
  has been present for centuries
• or
• Became part of this society through conquest and
  territorial expansion.

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This form of xenophobia can elicit or facilitate
hostile and violent reactions, such as mass
expulsion of immigrants, pogroms or in the
worst case, genocide.
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The second form of xenophobia is primarily
cultural

• The objects of the phobia are cultural elements
  which are considered alien.

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Cultural xenophobia

• Is often narrowly directed
• At foreign loan words in a national language.
• It rarely leads to aggression against individual
  persons.

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Can Result In

• Political campaigns for cultural or linguistic
  purification.
• Isolationism is a general aversion of foreign
  affairs, is not accurately described as
  xenophobia.

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Cultural xenophobia

• It can be used to characterize beliefs about
  other things as well,
• Including "any unreasonable attitude that is
  unusually resistant to rational influence

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Xenophily or xenophilia means an affection for
unknown objects or human beings.

• It is the opposite of xenophobia or xenophoby.

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Origin

• Greek "xenos" (stranger, unknown, foreign)
• and
• "philos" (love, attraction).

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In common usage it means

• An attraction to foreign peoples, cultures, or
  customs.
• For example,
• A person may date someone of another race not
  because they like them as people but specifically
  because they are different.

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Xenophilia

• Xenophilia is a theme found in science fiction
• In which one explores the consequences of love
  and sexual intercourse
• Between humans and non-humans, including
  extraterrestrials.

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• In the book Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows,
  a character named Xenophilius Lovegood (the
  father of one of Harry Potter's more eccentric
  friends, Luna Lovegood)
• Is characterized by his interest in unusual or
  unknown objects, animals, and concepts.

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George Washington, in his 1796 Farewell
Addressdescribed the influence xenophily in
politics, which he saw as negative
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A passionate attachment of one nation for another
produces a variety of evils.
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Sympathy for the favorite nation

• Facilitating the illusion of an imaginary common
  interest
• In cases where no real common interest exists,
  and
• Infusing into one the enmities of the other
• Betrays the former into a participation in the
  quarrels and wars of the latter
• Without adequate inducement or justification.

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It leads also

• To concessions to the favorite nation of
  privileges denied to others which is apt doubly
  to injure the nation making the concessions.
• A disposition to retaliate, in the parties from
  whom equal privileges are withheld.

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It gives to

• Ambitious, corrupted, or deluded citizens (who
  devote themselves to the favorite nation)
• Facility to betray or sacrifice the interests of
  their own country, sometimes even with popularity

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Avenues to foreign influence
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• As in innumerable ways
• Such attachments are particularly alarming to the
  truly enlightened and independent patriot.

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• How many opportunities do they afford to
• Practice the arts of seduction
• Mislead public opinion
• Influence or awe the public councils.

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Such an attachment of a small or weak towards a
great and powerful nation dooms the former to
be the satellite of the latter
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Mapping Discrimination

• General Forms
• Social
• Manifestations
• Movements
• Policies

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Discrimination - General Forms

• Ageism
• Colorism
• Racism
• Religious intolerance
• Sexism
• Xenophobia

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Social

• Ableism Adultism Classism Elitism
• Gerontophobia Heightism Heterosexism
• Heteronormativity Homophobia
• Lesbophobia Lookism Misogyny Transphobia
• Against cultures Against religions

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Manifestations

• Ethnic cleansing Enthocide
• Gay Bashing Genocide
• Hate crime
• Lynching Pogrom Race war
• Religious persecution
• Slavery

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Movements

• Discriminatory
• Anti discriminatory

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Discriminatory

• American Nazi Party
• Aryanism
• Grey Wolfs
• Ku Klux Klan
• Neo Nazism
• South African National Party
• Supremacism

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Anti discriminatory

• Abolitionism
• Childrens rights
• Civil rights
• Disability rights
• Egalitarianism
• LGBT rights
• Feminism, Womens rights, Womens Universal
  suffrage
• Youth rights

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Policies

• Discriminatory
• Anti discriminatory

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Discriminatory

• Apartheid
• Race/ religion/ Sex segregation
• Numerus Clausus

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Anti-discriminatory

• Civil rights
• Desegregation
• Emancipation
• Integration
• Equal opportunities
• Gender equality