Principles of Environmental Science

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Principles ofEnvironmental Science
?????? ???sunwenj_at_njau.edu.cn
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Review

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• ?????
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??? ????????
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??? ????????Chapter 2 Air pollution and
control

• 2.1 ??????????
• 2.2 ????????????
• 2.3 ????????
• 2.4 ??????????
• 2.5 ????????

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Chapter 2 Air pollution and control
Key words Air pollution Carbon
monoxide Nitrogen oxides Particulate
material Sulfur dioxide Photochemical
oxidants Acid rain Greenhouse
effect Urban heat island Stratospheric Ozone
Depletion
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2.1 ?????????? Atmospheric Vertical
Structure Composition
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??????????
?? Atmosphere ???????????????????,??????????????
????????? ?? Air???????????(???????)???????????
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• ???????
• Vertical Structure of
• Atmosphere
• ??? Troposphere
• ??? Stratosphere
• ??? Mesosphere
• ? ? Thermosphere

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????? Composition of the Air

• ???(Uniform gases) N2?O2?????
• ???(Variable gases) H2Ov?CO2

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2.2 ???????? Air Pollution Pollutants

• ???????
• ???
• ?????

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• ??????????????????????,??
• ??????????????????????,??
• ???????,?????????????,???
• ?????????????????????????
• ???????????
• Air pollution is the presence of one or more
• chemicals in the atmosphere in sufficient
• quantities duration to a) harm us, and/or
• b) alter the climate.

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??? Sources of Air Pollution

• ??????????,???????
• ??????????????????
• ??????????????????
• ??????????

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????? Types of Air Pollutants
????? (Primary air pollutants)??????????????Harmf
ul chemicals that enter directly into the
atmosphere.
????? (Secondary air pollutants)?????????????????
???????????????????????????????,????????????Harmfu
l chemicals that form from other substances in
the atmosphere.
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????? Secondary air pollutants

• ?? (O3)
• ????????(PAN)
• ?????????
• ?????????
• ???????? ????? (HO2)???? (OH)?????
• ?
  (NO3)????(O)??

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???????Major types of Pollutants
???? Carbon Oxides ???? Nitrogen
Oxides ???? Hydrocarbons ???? Sulfur
Oxides ?? Particulate
Material ????????? Some other harmful air
pollutants
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???? Carbon Oxides
Carbon dioxide (CO2) Carbon monoxide (CO)
CO2 - most influential greenhouse gas CO -
reduces the bodys ability to
transport oxygen. (Also linked to
ozone production).
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???? Carbon Oxides
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Carbon Monoxide
Sources motor vehicles industries,
especially power plants. Health effects
binds hemoglobin,
cardiovascular stressor
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???? Nitrogen Oxides
Nitric oxide (NO), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Nitrous oxide (N2O) Involved in 1) acid
deposition 2) global warming
3) ozone depletion 4) photochemical smog
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???? Nitrogen Oxides
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Nitrogen Oxides
???????????(??????????),?????????????????????????
???????????????????? ????????NO?????,??????NO2?,?
?????????????NO2??????????????,????????????????? H
uman health concerns include effects on breathing
and the respiratory system, damage to lung
tissue, and premature death.
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???? Hydrocarbons
???C1-C8???????????,???????????????
Methane - From crops, landfills, cattle,
termites. Important greenhouse gas, so affects
global climate change. Non-Methane Hydrocarbons -
Produced by vehicles and other causes of fuel
combustion. Causes photo-chemical smog,
cancer-causing, respiratory tract irritants, and
some mutagens.
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Hydrocarbons
?????????????????,?
????????????????? ???????????????????
?,???????????????
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???? Sulfur Oxides
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) Sulfur trioxide (SO3)
Involved inacid deposition
corrodes metals
damages stone
irritates respiratory system
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Sulfur Oxides
Sources mainly produced by fossil fuel burning,
industry, biomass burning. Sulfur Oxides
dissolve easily in water. Health effects
air-pollution-related health damage
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Sulfur Dioxide
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Effects of Sulfur Dioxide
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? ? Particulate Material

• ?????????????,???????,
• ????0.0002 µm?500 µm??,????????
• ??????????
• ??????????????,????lt 1 µm
• ? lt 1 µm?????
• ? gt 10 µm???????????
• ?????,????100 µm

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Particulate Material

• ????????????????
• ??????(TSP)???????????
• (???1.0 1.7m3/min)????????????
• ?????
• ???????????????
• ????????????????
• ?????(IP)?????????????
• 10µm????

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Particulate Material
Particulates often are the most apparent form of
air pollution.
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Particulate Material
Inhaled into respiratory system, it can cause
health problems, including scarring lungs and
cancer.
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• ????????

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Were pretty well off, dont you think?
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Review

• Vertical structure of atmosphere
• Air pollution
• Primary pollutants
• Secondary air pollutants
• Major types of pollutants

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2.3 ???????? Major types of Air Pollution

• ???? London Smog
• ????? Photochemical Smog
• ? ? Acid Rain
• ???? Heat island effect
• ???? Greenhouse effect
• ????? Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

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???? London Smog 1952
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London Smog 1952
Sulfuric acid droplets with pH 1.41.9 reduced
visibility, as low as 5m
lasted for 5 days and extended over a radius of
50 km
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London Smog 1952
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London Smog 1952
The smog caused 4,000 deaths in London in 1952.
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???? London Smog

• ???????????????????
• ??????SO2?CO?????
• ??????????????,????????
• ?,???????????,????????
• The gray air in industrial cities in cold
  winter areas,
• caused from burning fossil fuel. In 1952,
  industrial
• smog held in place by a thermal inversion
  caused
• the 4,000 deaths in London.

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2.3 ???????? Major types of Air Pollution

• ???? London Smog
• ????? Photochemical Smog
• ? ? Acid Rain
• ???? Heat island effect
• ???? Greenhouse effect
• ????? Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

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????? Photochemical Smog

• ?????????????,????????
• ??????????????????????
• ??????CO?NOx????????????
• ???????????????????????
• ???PAN,??????,????????
• Photochemical smog brown and smelly, found in
• large cities in warm climates?This is the type of
  
• smog that hangs over Los Angeles and causes air
• quality warnings many days each year.

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Photochemical Smog
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Photochemical Smog

• ??NO2??????O3??
• O3?NO2? NO????????????,?
• ?????????????(PAN)

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Los Angeles
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Houston
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2.3 ???????? Major types of Air Pollution

• ???? London Smog
• ????? Photochemical Smog
• ? ? Acid Rain
• ???? Heat island effect
• ???? Greenhouse effect
• ????? Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

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?? Acid Rain An Issue of International Concern
What do you need to know today?

1. Human activities can affect weather and climate
   which can change natural environments.

1. These changes are of international concern.

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What is Acid Rain?
Acid rain is in fact rain which has been turned
acidic (acid is a pH of 5.6 or below) when water
in clouds chemically reacts with natural CO2 or
human pollution.
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Acid Rain
RESULTS

• Acid rain increases the acidity levels of soils,
  rivers, lakes and seas.
• Acid rain has been found to destroy the roots
  and leaves of forests
• Acid rain can erode buildings and monuments
  (particularly if they are made from limestone).

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• Damages lakes and streams
• Deadly to aquatic wildlife

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Harms forests ? Dissolves Mg2 and Ca2 in the
soil ? Causes Al3 to be released in the soil ?
Acidic clouds and fog strip nutrients of leaves
and needles
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Statue carved in 1702 photographed in 1908 (left)
and 1969 (right).
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Additional Reading
??????-???? http//159.226.136.248/acidrain/ca
se/cas001.html
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2.3 ???????? Major types of Air Pollution

• ???? London Smog
• ????? Photochemical Smog
• ? ? Acid Rain
• ???? Heat island effect
• ???? Greenhouse effect
• ????? Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

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????Heat island effect
Find out answers for two questions

• What are the urban heat island
• effects ?
• How does they influence the
• climate ?

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The urban heat island effects are

• Like great greenhouses that surround
• bigger towns
• because of many dark buildings that
• swallows more energy than lighter-
• coloured materials and
• many big buildings that keep air not
• moving.

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Heat is influenced by the
following factors

• Size of the city population density
• Radiation Effects

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Urban heat island
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2.3 ???????? Major types of Air Pollution

• ???? London Smog
• ????? Photochemical Smog
• ? ? Acid Rain
• ???? Heat island effect
• ???? Greenhouse effect
• ????? Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

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????Greenhouse effect
Glass, the material that greenhouse is made of,
1) transmit short-wavelength visible light, 2)
absorbs and redirects the longer wavelengths of
energy. These two aspects make the greenhouse
warmer than outside air temperature.
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The discovery of Global Warming

• Is climate changing?
• How much?
• Where is it changing most?
• What will be its effects on
• ecosystem? Farming? Society

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What are the major greenhouse gases?

• H2Ov vapor
• CO2 carbon dioxide
• CH4 methane
• N2O nitrous oxide
• O3 ozone
• CFCs chlorofluorocarbons

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Greenhouse effect
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Natural Greenhouse effect
The natural greenhouse effect causes the mean
temperature of the Earth's surface to be about
33oC warmer than it would be if natural
greenhouse gases were not present.
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Very Probable Results

• Global surface air temperatures will increase
  over the next 50 years by 1 to 5? , given the
  current rate of CO2 production.
• Global mean precipitation will increase. The
  distribution of that change is much less certain.

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Very Probable Results

• Northern hemisphere sea ice will be reduced and
  the climate of the arctic will warm
  significantly.
• Sea level will rise best estimates are a rise
  between half a foot and 2 feet.

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Probable Results

• Summer northern hemisphere mid-latitude
  continents will be dryer than present.
• Mid-latitude snow pack will be reduced.
• High latitude precipitation will increase.

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Effects of global warming

• On Agriculture
• Changes in the length of growing season
• Growth of undesirable plant species
• On Human Health
• On Biodiversity
• Some species may grow too quick and overshoot
  their reproductive period (e.g. reef corals)
• Forest could be devastated if the rate of climate
  change outpaced the rate at which forest species
  could migrate

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Kyoto Protocol (1997)

• At the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
  Change (IPCC, ????????????) meeting in Kyoto,
  Japan, in December 1997, 160 nations finally
  agreed on a landmark treaty called Kyoto
  Protocol(?????).
• EU GHG emissions 8 below 1990 level
• US 7
• Japan 6

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2.3 ???????? Major types of Air Pollution

• ???? London Smog
• ????? Photochemical Smog
• ? ? Acid Rain
• ???? Heat island effect
• ???? Greenhouse effect
• ????? Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

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?????Stratospheric ozone depletion
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What is ozone?

• Ozone is a stable molecule composed of three
  oxygen atoms, and has a strong pungent odor.

Ozone depletion when sum of ozone over height is
lower than 2/3 of the normal value, we say "ozone
depletion" occurs.
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The discovery of the ozone hole

• The British Antarctic Survey has been monitoring,
  for many years, the total column ozone levels at
  its base at Halley Bay in the Antarctica.
• Monitoring data indicate that column ozone levels
  have been decreasing since 1977.
• This observation was later confirmed by satellite
  data (TOMS-Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer).

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ozone hole
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Major reactions involved in the ozone depletion
Under polar atmospheric conditions, the reaction
sequence to remove O3 is as follows
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• P. Crutzen,M. Molina ? Sh. Rowland
  ?????????????1995????????????

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Depletion of the O3 layer would first of all
result in increased UV-B
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UV-B radiation Ozone concentration

• A 1 decrease in ozone results in a 1.3 to 2
  increase in the UV-B levels at the surface of the
  earth.

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Effects of UV-B radiation

• On human health
• On terrestrial plants
• On aquatic ecosystems
• Other aspects

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Ecological Effects of UV-B enrichment
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Montreal Protocol (1987)

• Parties to this protocol ... determined to
  protect the ozone layer by taking precautionary
  measures to control equitably total global
  emissions of substances that deplete it.

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Additional Reading

• United Nations Development Program
• http//www.undp.org/seed/eap/montreal/
• The Montreal Protocol on Substances That
• Deplete the Ozone Layer
• http//www.ciesin.org/TG/PI/POLICY/montpro.ht
  ml

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2.4 ?????????? Impacts of Air Pollution On
Plants
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In many developing country regions, and
particularly in parts of Asia, crop yields are
being severely affected by local ambient air
pollutant concentrations.
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Reference

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• ?? ?? lt 1µm
• ?? ?? gt 1µm

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As for agricultural production, the most harmful
pollutants are
???? SO2 ??? Fluoride ?? O3 ????????
PAN ???? NOX ?? C2H4
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Pollution Control Program
Air Quality
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2.5 ???????? Air Pollution Control

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http//www.xnfz.com/produce/dffz/PartV/ch1.htm
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Clean Air Legislation CLEAN AIR ACT (1970)
Acid rain Urban smog Ozone protection
reduction in SO2 Nox
lower vehicle emissions, alternative fuels in the
smoggiest cities
phasing out CFCS, CCl4 other compounds
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CLEAN AIR ACT
Toxic air pollutants Marketing pollution
rights
Controls on 188 airborne toxins for about 250
types of sources
Allowing corporation to avoid pollution reduction
by buying, selling, and banking pollution
rights from other factories
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CLEAN AIR ACT
Fugitive emission of VOCs Ambient ozone,
soot, and dust Nox emissions
Detailed standards for manufacturing, use, and
storage methods
Reduced sulfur gasoline, cleaner smokestacks and
cars
Improved standards for sport-utility vehicles,
personal watercraft and other pollution vehicles
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If the air pollution is out of control , how
about breathing this way ?

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