International Integration

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International Integration
CHAPTER TEN
Dr. Clayton Thyne PS 235-001 World
Politics Spring 2009 Goldstein Pevehouse,
International Relations, 8/e Student notes
version
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Supernationalism

• Purpose of the chapter
• Supranational
• United Nations
• European Union

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Integration Theory

• Definition Refers to the process by
• sovereignty
• Ultimate expression of integration
• In practice
• Most successful example

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International Theory

• Integration challenges realism ?
• Answer to dilemma
• Functionalism
• Theory that discusses
• Supranational structures response

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International Theory

• Neofunctionalism
• Modification of functional theory by IR scholars
  that argues that
• Econ integration (functionalism) ?
• Sense of community
• Integration ?
• Others trying to do the same

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International Theory

• Costs of integration
• Harder to
• Degradation of
• Central theme of integration

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The European Union

• Created after WWII
• EU has gone through
• EU has nearly 500 million citizens.
• EU nearly equals the

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The Vision of a United Europe

• Europe in 1945
• Functionalism in Europe
• 1950 merger of
• European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC)
• Six ECSC states signed treaty in 1952 to create a
  European Defense Community

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The Treaty of Rome

• Six states of the ECSC
• Extended coal and steel to
• Euratom
• European Economic Community (EEC)

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The Treaty of Rome

• 4 steps towards European integration
• Free-trade areas
• Customs Union
• Common market
• Economic monetary union (EMU)
• Future steps

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Structure of the European Union

• Roots in
• Eurocrats
• Leaders have qualms about

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Structure of the European Union

• European Commission
• Staff of 24,000
• HQ in Brussels, Belgium
• Commission has 27 individual members one from
  each member state
• Chosen for 4-year renewable terms
• Lacks formal autonomous power except for
  day-to-day EU operations
• Reports to, and implements policies of, the
  Council of Ministers

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Structure of the European Union

• Council of Ministers
• Meeting of the relevant ministers of each member
  state politicians who control the bureaucrats
• Reflects states resistance to yielding
  sovereignty
• Voting system is based on each states
  population, but in practice it operates by
  consensus on major policy issues.
• Has a rotating presidency (with limited power)
• European Council (1970s)

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Structure of the European Union

• European Parliament
• Falls somewhat short of a true legislature
  passing laws for all of Europe
• At present, it operates partly as a watchdog over
  the Commission, but with some power to legislate.
• Must approve the Commissions budget but no item
  by item control.
• Shares power with the Council under a
  co-decision procedure.
• Economic and Social Committee
• European Court of Justice (Luxembourg)

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The Single European Act (1985)

• First major revision of the Treaty of Rome
• Began a new phase of accelerated integration
• Europe 1992 due to target date set
• Centered on 300 directives from the European
  Commission
• Push for European Central Bank
• Moved economic integration into more political
  and controversial areas
• Didnt deal w/ many issues of political or
  military integration

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The Maastricht Treaty

• Renamed the EC as the EU and committed it to
  further progress in three main areas
• Monetary union
• Justice and home affairs
• Political and military integration
• Controversial

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The Maastricht Treaty

• Ratification -
• Has begun to reshape political economy at
• Political and military integration
• Struggle between
• Failure to deal w/

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Monetary Union

• A European currency, the euro, has replaced
  national currencies in 13 EU members, as mandated
  in the Maastricht process.
• Came into full circulation in 2002
• Difficulties
• Main solution

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Monetary Union

• Breaking the rules
• Germany and Frances budget deficits over those
  allowed by the rules
• Greece falsified economic data needed to be
  admitted
• Difficult birth, given it was the largest
  financial overhaul ever attempted in history, and
  in its first five years was deemed very
  successful.

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Expanding the European Union

• Success has attracted neighboring states who wish
  to join.
• EU has expanded from 15 members to 27 since 2004
• Spain and Portugal, 1986 (11th and 12th members)
• Austria, Sweden, and Finland (1995)
• Norway applied to join and was accepted, but its
  citizens voted down the idea in 1994.
• Switzerlands plans to join were halted by a
  popular referendum in the early 1990s.

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Expanding the European Union

• Current expansion guided by the 2000 Treaty of
  Nice
• 10 new members joined in 2004
• Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary,
  Slovenia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, and
  Cyprus
• Expanded to 25 members
• Without the five largest having two seats
• New voting rules that move away from a
  requirement for consensus
• 2007, Romania and Bulgaria entered the EU,
  bringing the total to 27
• Turkey continues to seek membership
• Would be the only Muslim country in the EU
• Would bring workers, growth, bridge to the Middle
  East
• Some fear immigration
• Would be the poorest member
• Cyprus
• Inner and outer layers

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Figure 10.2
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Expanding the European Union

• EU Constitution (late 2004 signed by 24 leaders)
• To establish a stronger president of the EU, and
  a foreign minister, to represent Europe as a
  global superpower in world affairs
• Rejected by France and the Netherlands, and the
  process was halted
• EU still functions under existing rules.
• Organization for Security and Cooperation in
  Europe (OSCE0)
• Operates by consensus

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Figure 10.3
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The Power of Information

• Global telecommunications are
• Technological advances are
• Creation of new

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Connecting the World

• New international political possibilities arise
  from technological developments in the area of
  information dissemination.
• The media with the strongest political impact
  are

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TV and Radio

• Nearly 2 billion TV sets and 3 billion radio
  receivers in the world
• Radio, and increasingly TV, reach the poorest
  rural areas of the global South.
• Peasants who cannot read can understand radio.
• Voice of America
• British Broadcasting Corporation
• TV is especially powerful.
• Frequencies
• Regulated by states
• Satellite transmissions
• Bypass state control
• Al Jazeera

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Figure 10.4
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Telephone and Internet

• Unlike TV and radio,
• Telephones make individuals international actors.
• Explosive growth
• Digital divide
• Internet

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Figure 10.5
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Information as a Tool of Government

• Information has become
• Access to information
• Coordination of information
• Use of information to influence
• Ownership of media by

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Information as a Tool Against Government

• Information can be used against governments by
  foreign governments, NGAs, or domestic political
  opponents.
• Domestic use
• Iran Internet uncensored
• China tremendous use, but censored
• Philippines text messages/cell phones used to
  sweep a president from office
• Ghana talk radio helped ordinary people throw
  out the ruling party in 2000
• Global peace demonstrations preceding the 2003
  Iraq War

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Information as a Tool Against Government

• Government attempts to
• Security implications of information technologies
• Smart weapons
• Empowerment of small fringe groups
• Hackers and viruses cyber attacks

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Telecommunications and Global Culture

• Info revolution ? 2 contradictory forces
• Also
• Increase international interdependence
• Transparency in international relations

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Telecommunications and Global Culture

• Strengthening of the identity principle
• New sources and new avenues of
• Transnational communities
• Cultural imperialism
• Half of worlds 7000
• US dominates
• News stories are integrated, showing a common
  world theme
• http//www.mcdonalds.com/
• http//www.princeton.edu/ina/infographics/starbuc
  ks.html