??? ??????? Understanding Psychology

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??? ???????Understanding Psychology

• Medical Psychology

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Understanding Psychology

• ?????????
• ???? (The Cognition Process)
• ????? (Motivation Emotion)
• ?? (Personality)

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?????????

• ???????
• ????(Cerebral cortex)??????Brodmann,1909
• ??? (Sensory area)
• ??? (Motor area)
• ??? (Speech area)
• ??? (Association area)

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• ??????????(Cerebral Lateralization)
• ???
• ??????
• ??????
• ??????????????????
• ???????????,?????????????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????

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• ??????????????,?????????????????????????,????????
  ??,???????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????,????????????????????????????????????????????
  ???????????????,??????,?????????????????,?????????
  ???????

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The Cognition Process

• ????? (Sensation Perception)
• ?? (Learning)
• ?? (Memory)
• ?? (Thinking)

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• Sensation ??????
• ???? Sensory Deprivation
• ???(Sensitivity)??????
• ????(Sensory Threshold)
• ????(Sensory Adaptation)
• ????
• ???????
• ????

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Key Words

• Sensation
• The process in which the sense organs receptor
  cells are stimulated and reply initial
  information to higher brain centers for further
  processing

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• Perception ???
• Perception?????
• ??????Perceptual Selectiveness
• ????Perceptual Set
• ??????Perceptual Organization
• ??????Perceptual Interpretation
• ??????
• (Perceptual Constancy)

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Key Words

• Perception
• The process by which an organism selects and
  interprets sensory input so that it acquires
  meaning.
• Absolute threshold
• The minimum amount of physical energy needed
  for an observer to perceive a stimulus is called
  an absolute threshold.

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• Different threshold (JND)
• The lowest level of stimulation required to
  sense that a change in stimulation has occurred.
• Sensory adaptation
• The tendency of sensory systems to respond less
  to stimuli that continue without change.
• Perceptual constancy
• The organization of changing sensations into
  percepts that are relatively stable in size,
  shape, and color.

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• Learning???
• ??????????
• ??????????
• ?????????
• Learning???
• Classical condition
• Operant condition
• Observational learning
• Cognitive Learning

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Key Words

• Learning
• Relative permanent change in an organism that
  occurs as a result of experiences in the
  environment
• Classical conditionding
• Conditioning process in which an originally
  neutral stimulus,by repeated pairing with a
  stimulus that normally elicits a response, comes
  to elicit a similar or even identical response
  also know as Pavlovian conditioning

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• Operant conditioning
• Conditioning in which an increase or decrease
  in the probability that a behavior will recur is
  affected by the delivery of reinforcement of
  punishment as a consequence of the behavior also
  known as instrumental conditioning.
• Observational learning
• Organisms learn new responses by observing
  the behavior of a model and then imitating it.

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• ???????????? Insight
• ????
• ???? (Latent learning)

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• Memory??
• Memory ???
• ?? (Memorization)
• ?? (Retention)
• ?? (Recognition)
• ?? (Repruduction)

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Key Words

• Memory
• The ability to recall past events, images,
  ideas, or skills the storage system that allows
  for retention and retrieval of previously learned
  information.

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• ???? (Sensory memory)
• ???? (STM, Short-term memory)
• ???? (LTM, Long-term memory)

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• Sensory memory
• ?????
• ????? 0.25-2s ????
• ????,?????????????????????
• ???? (pattern recognition) ??sensory memory
  ?short-term memory?????????????????????????????,??
  ????????????,??? (attention)????

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• Short-term memory
• ????
• ????R.Conrad, 1964 ???? ????
• ????
• 72 ?? (chunk)
• ?????L.R.Perterson, 1959
• ??????

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• ???(R.Conrad,1964)????????B?C?P?T?V?F?M?N?S?X?10?
  ?????,??????6???????,??????????????,??????????????
  ?????????????,???????????????????,????????????????
  ????????????????,??B??P,?V??B,???????????????????

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• ??????(L.R.PetersonM.J.PeterSOIl,1959)??????????
  ?3?????????????,18???????????????,????????????????
  ????,???????,????????????,????????????,?????3????,
  ???18??????????????,??????20,????????????????????
  ?????????????????

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• Long-term memory
• ????
• ???? ????(?????/?????)

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• ? ? (Forgetting)
• ????
• ????
• ???????
• ??????
• ????????
• ??????

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• Thinking??
• ??? ??? ??????
• Thinking???
• ???? (Problem solving)
• ?????????

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Key Words

• Thinking
• The higher mental process which is the
  manipulation of mental respresentations of
  information
• Problem solving
• The process of transforming one situation
  into another that meets a goal

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Motivation Emotion

• Motivation
• Emotion

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• Motivation??????
• ?????
• Motivation Need
• ????
• Motivation Theory
• ???????
• Motivation Conflict
• Frustration

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Key Words

• Motivation
• Any internal condition, although usually an
  internal one, that initiates, activates, or
  maintailns an organisms goal-directed behavior.

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• ???? (Instinct theory)
• ???? (Drive theory)
• ???? (Arousal theory)
• ???? (Incentive theory)
• ???? (Cognitive theory)
• ?????? (Expectancy-value theory)
• ????? (Self-efficacy theory)

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• Motivation conflict
• ???? (Approach-approach conflict)
• ???? (Avoidance-avoidance conflict)
• ???? (Approach-avoidance conflict)
• ??????
• (Multiple approach-avoidance conflict)

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• Frustration???
• ???? ???? ????
• Frustration??
• ?????
• ??/??/??/???
• ?????
• ????(?????)

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• Emotion??
• ????????
• ???? (Subjective experience)
• ????/?? (Emotional expression)
• ???? (Physical arousal)

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Key Words

• Emotion
• An evaluative response (a positive or
  negative feeling state) that typically includes
  subjective experience, physiological arousal, and
  emotional expression

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• Emotion ???
• ???? (Basic emotion)
• ??(Happiness)
• ??(Sadness)
• ??(Anger)
• ??(Fear)
• ???????
• ??(Mood)
• ??(Affective impluse)
• ??(Stress)

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• Emotion ??
• Emotion??????
• Emotion???????

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• Emotion Theory
• James-Lange theroy
• ??????????????,
• ????????????
• Cannon-Bard theory
• ?????????????,
• ???????????

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• Cognition Emotion
• Arnold???-???
• ??????????????????????,???????????????????
• Schachters two-factor theory of emotion
• ???????,????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????

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• ??- ????

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Personality

• Personality ???
• ???/???/???/???
• Personality ???
• Personality ???
• Personality Theory

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Key Words

• Personality
• The enduring patterns of thoughts, feeling,
  and behavior that are expressed in different
  circumstances.

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• ?? (Temperment)
• ?????????
• Thomas-Chess??????
• ????/????????
• ??????/?????/???
• ?????????/?????
• ????/????
• ??? ??? ???

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• ?? (Character)
• C.G.Jung ????
• Spranger ??????
• Friedman Rosenman ???\????

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• ??????
• ????
  (Self-cognition)
• ????
• ????
  (Self-experience)
• ????
  (Self-regulation)

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• Personality ???
• ??????
• ??????
• ??????
• ??????
• ??????

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• Personality Theory
• ???? (Theory of personality type)
• ???? (Theory of personality trait)
• ????