Signs and Symptoms of Ovulation

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Reproductive
Anatomy and Physiology
Presented by Ann Hearn
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Menstrual Cycle

• Varies every 28 - 35 days
• The time between ovulation and menstruation is
  relatively constant (14 days). Follicular phase.
  
• The variable is from menses to ovulation. It can
  not be predicted, the luteal phase.
• Affected by various physical and emotional factors

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Reproductive AP

• You are responsible for reviewing the female and
  male reproductive structures and functions that
  make childbearing possible.

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MENSTRUAL CYCLES
Ovarian Cycle
Hormonal Cycle
Endometrial Cycle
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Ovarian Cycle

• Development of the Graafian Follicle
• Ovulation
• Formation of Corpus Luteum

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Signs and Symptomsof Ovulation

• 1. Body Temperature increase
• 2. Mittelschmerz
• 3. Cervical Mucus Changes
• Increase in amount
• Becomes thin, watery, and clear
• Ferning
• Stretchable Spinnbarkheit
• Alkaline

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Hormonal Cycle

• FSH -- Follicle Stimulating Hormone
  
  
• Begins Growth and Maturation of graafian follicle
• LH -- Luteinizing Hormone
• assists in continued growth of graafian follicle
• ESTROGEN
• responsible for proliferation of endometrium
• PROGESTERONE
• Pro-gestation. Corpus luteum produces
  progesterone so endometrium wont slough

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Endometrial Cycle

• Proliferation Phase
• marked growth of glands and stroma
• Secretory / Progestational Phase
• endometrium secretes nourishment for the ovum
• endometrium becomes thick and soft
• getting ready for implantation
• Menstrual Phase
• without fertilization, both progesterone and
  estrogen drop--sloughing occurs. Corpus luteum
  degenerates.

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Matching

• FSH
• LH
• Progesterone
• Estrogen

• a. proliferation of the endometrium
• b. begins the growth of the graafian follicle
• c. prevents sloughing of the endometrium
• d. stimulates continued growth of the graafian
  follicle

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Critical Thinking

• The phase of the menstrual cycle when the
  endometrium is getting thick and soft and
  preparing for implantation is known as
• a. secretory phase
• b. menstrual phase
• c. proliferative phase

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Conception

• Maturation of Ovum and Sperm Cells
• Pregnancy comes about from the union of a female
  germ cell, ovum with a male germ cell, the
  spermatozoon.

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• One ovum per month is discharged from the ovary.
  It is transported into the fallopian tube where
  it begins its journey through the tube in search
  for the sperm. Viable for 6 - 26 hours

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Fertilization

• When intercourse occurs, millions of sperm travel
  in search of an ova. Sperm release an enzyme as
  they swarm around the ova and one sperm is able
  to penetrate -- fertilization

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Fertilization
ZONA
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• Usually occurs in the distal portion of the
  fallopian tube
• Once sperm penetrates ova, physiological barrier
  renders the ova impenetrable by other sperm, thus
  only one sperm enters a single ova
• Each contributes 23
• Chromosomes making a
• Total of 46 chromosomes
• Sex of baby determined
• at this time. X female,
• Y male

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Fertilized Ovum begins its travel to the uterus
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Intrauterine Development

• Two main phases are
• 1. Cellular multiplication
• 2. Implantation

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Cellular Multiplication

• The fertilized zygote begins its travel through
  the fallopian tube toward the uterus.
• Cell / mitotic division
• (cleavage) occurs
• Morula eventually forms a fluid filled cavity
  within the cell mass.
• Inner solid cell mass is called Blastocyst
• Outer cell mass that surrounds the cavity is the
  Trophoblast

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CHANGES
Trophoblast Outer layer of cells
Placenta Chorion
Blastocyst INNER CELL MASS
Fetus Amnion
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Zygote travels for about 7 days
Implantation
Small finger-like projections extend from the
trophoblast And burrows into the
endometrium Implantation enables the blastocyst
to absorb nutrients
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Decidua
After implantation, the endometrium becomes more
thickened, the cells enlarge, and is now called
the Decidua.

• Decidua Basalis
• part directly under the
• blastocyst
• Decidua capsularis
• portion that is pushed out by the
• growing blastocyst and covers the
• blastocyst
• Decidua Vera --portion which
• is not in immediate contact
• with the ovum

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Cellular Differentiation

• At 10 14 days of age, the blastocyst or
  beginning zygote begins cellular differentiation
  into the primary germ layers.
• All tissues, organs, and systems develop from
  these layers.

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Germ Layers

• Ectoderm
• nervous
• skin, hair, nails
• sensory organs
• Mesoderm
• muscle
• connective tissue
• blood vessels
• bone marrow
• Endoderm
• Genitourinary
• Respiratory--larynx, trachea, lungs
• Digestive

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Ask Yourself ??

• The thickened endometrium in which the fertilized
  embryo implants is called the
• a. endoderm
• b. decidua
• c. amnion
• d. chorion

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Answer this ...

• The fetal nervous system is formed by the germ
  layer known as the
• a. ectoderm
• b. mesoderm
• c. entoderm
• d. endoderm

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Development

• Stage 1 pre-embryonic
• weeks 1 - 2
• Stage 2 -- embryonic
• weeks 3 - 8
• period of ORGANOGENESIS
• Stage 3 -- fetal
• weeks 9 - 40

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Pre-embryonic PeriodWeeks 1-2

• Traveling in the fallopian tube where
• rapid cellular multiplication and
  differentiation occurs.
• The establishment of the embryonic membranes and
• the germ layers.
• Groove formed along
• middle of the back for
• the neural tube.

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Embryonic PeriodWeeks 3-8

• Week 3
• anterior end of neural tube closes
• to form the brain and the posterior
• end closes to form the spinal cord
• Heart begins to beat
• Eyes appear
• Limb Buds for arms
• and legs
• CR 4 mm

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• Week 5
• Head grows larger
• Hand and feet plates develop
• Facial features begin to develop
• CR 8 mm.

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• Week 6
• Fetal circulation is established
• Chambers form in the heart
• Upper lip and palate start fusing
• Eyes move to front of face
• Fingers are webbed
• External ear develops

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• Week 7
• Eyelids start to form
• Fingers develop elbows visible
• Diaphragm separates
• abdomen from chest
• Bronchi develop
• Arms and legs move

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• Week 8
• Fingers and toes distinct
• Skeletal ossification begins
• Testes and ovaries are
• distinguishable
• Heart has four chambers
• Circulation through
• umbilical cord occurs
• ALL essential external and internal
  structures are present and now will continue to
  grow

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Fetal PeriodWeeks 9-40
12 weeks
18 weeks
32 weeks gestation
24 weeks
16 weeks
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Weeks 9-12

• Head size increases
• Face is well formed
• Nails appear
• Eyelids appear and close and fuse shut
• Kidneys excrete urine
• Intestines are forming peristalsis begins
• Heartbeat can be heard via ultrasound
• Tooth buds appear for the baby teeth

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Weeks 13-16

• Lips form, facial contour develops
• Ossification of bone begins
• Meconium begins to form in the intestines
• Hair present on scalp
• Sex can be determined visually

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Weeks 17-20

• Hair abundant on head
• Lanugo covers the body
• Vernix begins to form
• Myelination of spinal cord begins
• Suck and swallow begin
• Quickening occurs 18 weeks

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Weeks 21-24 weeks

• Respiratory movement with air sacs formed
• Surfactant production begins 24 weeks
• Brain appears mature
• Eyebrows and eyelashes
• can be seen
• Reacts to sudden noise
• with active movement

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Weeks 25 - 28

• Eyelids open and close
• Capillaries proliferate around the lungs alveoli
  making gas exchange possible
• Skin has wrinkled red appearance
• Rapid brain development

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Weeks 29- 32

• Subcutaneous fat forms
• Testes start descending
• Fingernails and toenails are complete
• Bones are fully developed, but still soft and
  pliable

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Weeks 33 - 40

• Limbs start to flex
• Muscle tone is developed
• Lanugo disappears
• Body begins to store fat
• Maternal antibodies transfer to the fetus
• Exhibits sleep and awake patterns

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Functions of the Placenta

• Fetal Respirations
• Fetal Nutrition
• Endocrine Functions
• Elimination of Wastes
• Barrier against certain substances

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Embryonic Membranes

• At the time of Implantation, the embryonic
  membranes begin to form.
• The two main membranes are the
• 1. Chorion
• 2. Amnion

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Chorion

• Thick membrane with finger-like projections
  called chorionic villi.
• Chorionic villi contain blood vessels that are
  main connection with mother.
• Chorionic villi produce human chorionic
  gonadotropin (HCG)
• Merges with the decidua basalis to form the
  PLACENTA.

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Amnion

• Smooth, glistening membrane know as the AMNION is
  the lining of a fluid filled space that develops
  around the embryo.

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Functions of Amniotic Fluid

• Keeps the fetus at an even temperature
• Cushions the fetus against possible injury
• Provides place for the fetus to move easily and
  grow symmetrically
• Fetus drinks the fluid

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Umbilical Vessels

• 1 Veins O2 nutrients
• 2 Artery CO2 waste products rich
• Whartons jelly

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Teratogens

• Risk factors such as environmental substances
• Smoking
• Alcohol
• Drugs
• Viruses
• Occupational hazards

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Review

• Describe the components of the process of
  fertilization.

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• Ovum released into fallopian tubeviable for 24
  hr.
• Sperm deposited into vaginaviable for 48 to 72
  hr (highly fertile for 24 hr).
• Sperm must undergo capacitation and acrosomal
  reaction.
• Sperm penetration causes a chemical reaction that
  blocks more sperm penetration.
• Fertilization occurs in the distal end of the
  fallopian tube.
• Sperm enters ovum. The nuclei of the ovum and
  sperm unite and become a diploid zygote.

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Review

• How can knowledge of the normal fertilization
  process assist in helping couples conceive?

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Review

• How can knowing the gestational age of the fetus
  help in assessment for the potential effects of a
  teratogen?

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• The End
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