Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) in Nigeria

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Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) in Nigeria
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What do we mean by Sanitation?
Environmental Sanitation Solid Waste Industrial
waste
Water Sanitation Hygiene Excreta
Disposal Sewerage, Sullage, Strom Water Leachates
from dump sites
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Actual rate of progress compared to required
rates for achieving MDG Sanitation Target
Approximately 90 Million Nigerians lack improved
sanitation
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What is CLTS?

• Focus on stopping open defecation. Safe excreta
  disposal any technology will do.
• No subsidy
• Facilitation Not education.
• Relies on a walk of shame as a trigger peer
  pressure.
• Sanitation is a collective responsibility.

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Community Led
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latrines hand washing
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WaterAids CLTS Experience in Nigeria

• June 05 Study visits to Bangladesh
• July 05 1st pilot CLTS projects
• Late 05 CLTS written into National draft
  National Water Sanitation Policy
• Feb 06 Reflection Days
• Nov 06 Evaluation of First Pilot

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WaterAids CLTS Experience in Nigeria

• Jan 07 Expanded 2nd Pilot with UNICEF
• Jan 07 Development of IEC materials
• July 07 NTGS Evaluation of Second Pilot
• August 07 CLTS in National Sanitation Scale
  up strategy

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• Nov 07 - CLTS in draft
  national implementation guideline for
  National Water Sanitation Policy/IYS Plan
• Nov-Dec 07 Additional support for scale up
  of CLTS
• Feb- March 08 National ToT of
  Facilitators towards national IYS
  target of 1m latrines in 08

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Processes

• Training of WASU, NGO and WANG members in CLTS
• - Training to WASCOMs and participatory
  process in community
• - Awareness raising amongst communities
  
• Households supported to construct latrines,
  supported by community contributions
• Increased and regular access to water
• Community members have access to affordable
  sanitation material
• WASUs and NGOs regularly monitor the progress
  towards CLTS

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Processes (contd)

• Behaviour Changes
• - Regular cleaning of compound
• - No open defecation, children use potty
• More frequent showering and washing clothes
• Hand washing before after eating and
  defecation
• Keeping animals confined to an area (in some
  cases)
• Regular sweeping of compound

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Evaluation of CLTS in Nigeria
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Key Evaluation Questions

• Is CLTS effective?
• a) How effective is CLTS when used as the only
  approach?
• b) How effective has CLTS been when
  implemented in places where
• other approaches have been used?
• c) How can CLTS be made more effective?
• How efficient has CLTS approach been compared to
  other approaches?
• Is there evidence of its rootedness, scaling up
  and sustainability?
• Are there counterfactual arguments?

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Results

• No open defecation in compound
• General health improvements
• Reduced incidence of diarrhoea and vomiting
• Reduced incidence of skin infections especially
  amongst children
• Reduced body stench easier to be next to each
  other
• Clean and tidy environment
• Girls and womens dignity has increased
• Less snake bites, Less flies
• Improved water supply no more fighting near
  water point
• Community members feel empowered
• Community members feel it is their own programme
• We can roll out the mat anywhere and lie down
  and be happy
• Neighbouring communities want to be like us

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Is CLTS Effective?
yes
yes
Yes
yes
yes

• Yes

yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
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Where CLTS is used as the only approach

• Initiative is better received
• Initial trigger is more effective
• Greater community ownership
• Obvious differences before and after, enhance
  further change
• Changes attributed to CLTS are much more
  significant

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When there is no influence of subsidy

• Subsidy communities do not own the project
• Dependent waiting to be provided
• Negative influence by neighbouring subsidy
  communities
• WASUs continuing to give subsidy
• Inappropriate use of Sani Centre

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In Communities that are not urbanized

• The more urbanized the lesser the sense of
  community
• Larger proportion of rented accommodation
• More urban communities already have a larger
  number of latrines
• Many other negative influences

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When WASU has received the right training

• Training on Participatory Approaches is important
  eg. Vandeikiya training
• Step down training without delay
• Creating the community trigger
• Support to communities

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When there is regular monitoring

• WASU and NGOs are empowered /supported to monitor
  regularly
• WASU and NGO regular visiting communities
• Record keeping is facilitated
• Ensure records are kept

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Where there is a reward

• Water supply
• The promise of an additional water supply
• Visits by WESU
• 100 CLTS board
• A form of recognition of voluntary work
  T-Shirts, Caps (only in Benue)

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How can CLTS be made more Effective

• Important first input - right type and level of
  training
• Eliminating misconceptions at the outset
• Selection of communities based on learning
• Priority to self initiation
• More regular monitoring

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Things to consider

1. Mainstream gender throughout CLTS process
2. Define the necessary minimum CLTS package for the
   Nigerian context
3. Replication to new LGAs and States

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Before and After CLTS
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• Thank you