BASICS NAVIGATION

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BASICS NAVIGATION
Introduction

• The rule JAR-FCL 1.130, the candidate to PPL must
  demonstrate the appropiate theoric knowlege to
  licence private pilot.
• The requirements theoric knowledge to get PPL
  are air laws, general knowledge aircraft
  systems, planning and performance, humans limits,
  meteorologic, operatives procedurs, comunications
  rules, aerodinamic and general navigation.
• The air navigation consit to fly with a
  direction, altitude, fuel consumption in a
  derminated time over a determinate leg.
• In the navigation there is a factors as the wind
  and its effect over direction and speed and
  therefore effect over the time and consumption in
  leg.
• To know what direction put to fly on leg, how
  long it take, the fuel burnt and effect wind over
  the track of plane in leg it is neccesary have
  knowledge basics navigation.

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BASICS OF NAVIGATION

• .Concepts wind, heading, and aircraft speed
• .Kinds speed
• . Direction
• . Triangle of speed
• . Drift correction
• .ETAS, TAS, and GS
• .Calculate correction drift, heading, ground
  speed, estimated time arrival and fuel
  consumption of the one leg
• .Correction route

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Concepts wind, heading and aircraft speed

• Wind
• The movemt airmass over Earths surface. Can
  procced from any direction an it have any speed.
  That movement is the wind.
• The wind can to measure acording to come from
  direction and speed. For example 050º / 30 kt

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• .The heading
• Is the horizontal direction to point out the
  aircraft.
• The heading can measured with actual azimut
  of longitudinal axis with reference a point
  determinate, as are geographic north, magnetic
  north or compass north.
• .Aicraft speed
• The movement aircraft through air mass is due to
  traction of propeller giving it an speed to the
  movement. The headwind or tailwind to affect over
  ground speed.

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Kinds of airspeed

• IAS Indicated airspeed ? is the speed that
  indicates the anemometer without making any
  correction
• ei Error of instrument ? is the error produced
  by plant, scale and temperature over metals and
  capsule. The value is almost negligible and would
  be on the plane's manual.
• BAS Básic Airspeed ? IAS corrected by ei BAS
  IAS ( ei)
• ep Error of position ? is the error produced by
  the static shots of the position and attitude of
  the aircraft in flight. This error is almost the
  same for all aircraft of the same model and found
  in the manual of the plane.
• CAS Calibrate airspeed ? is the BAS corrected by
  ep, or the IAS corrected by ei/p
  CAS BAS ( ep) or CAS IAS ( ei/p)
  
• ec Error of compresibility ? produced by the
  dynamic pressure, it is always positive and
  increases with Mach No, it's the same for all
  aircraft and airspeed
• DAS density airspeed ? is the CAS corrected CAS
  is the corrected by a factor of density of the
  atmosphere DAS CAS x f f 1/ v?/?o ?
  (air density in actual level) ?o (density of
  level sea)
• EAS equivalent airspeed ? CAS corrected by ec
• e? is because the anemometers are calibrated to
  measure speeds, when the relative density of air
  is 1, id est at sea level on a day ISA
• TAS True air speed ? is the EAS corrected by
  factor density or CAS correcting by eC/?
• TAS EAS x f o TAS EAS ( e?)
  or TAS CAS eC/?
• Cs sor LSS Local sound speed ? incrase with
  temperature. One way to calculate it is
  (v273 ( ºC en TAT ) ) x 38.96 C
• MACH nº Mach M TAS / Cs

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Altittude and temperature
ei/p
ec
e?
IAS
CAS
EAS
TAS
WIND
ETAS
GS
The ec 0 If CAS 250kt CAS EAS
IAS CAS IAS (ei/?) EAS CAS ( ec) TAS
EAS (e?)
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Direction

• Direction is postions point whith reference
  another point in the space determinate by the way
  and line that join both.

B
A
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• True North ( TN ) points intersection of the
  Earths surface with its axis of rotation is
  called Geographic North. The bearing or the
  routes they use as a benchmark geographic north
  is called the true route or course.

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• Magnetic North ( MN ) Point the Earths surface
  where to join the magnetic field lines burned in
  the south magnetic pole . The compass use as
  reference this lines of force with absence of the
  magnetic impact of the radios plane.

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• Compass North (CN) It is the north magnetic
  corrected by the magnetic effects that make the
  avionics equipment.
• Desviation (?) Deviations are produced by the
  equipment of avionics, are added to or subtracted
  away from magnetic north to get compass course
• Declination (d) Is the angle of the meridians
  that form the magnetic north and true.
• Both, the Decline and Desviations as the change
  if they are East are positive value and if this
  is West are negative value.

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• To calculate the course track of the plane, use
  the formulas.
• TC (- dW) MC MC (-?W) CC
• TC (d E) MC MC (?E) CC

To pass from to Course to Heading, it must to
correct the crosswind
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TN
MN
MN
TN
MC
MC
TC
dE
dw
TC
Reference line
Reference line
Figure 2
Figure 1







TN
TN
MN
CN
MN
MC
CN
CC
?E
MC
CC
dw
?w
TC
TC
dw
Reference line
Reference line
Figure 3
Figure 4
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Triangle of speeds

• The triangle of speed is used to determinate the
  efect wind while plane is flying.
• It are three the parameters
• Speed aircraft vector this vector has a amaunt
  of speed and direction. They are the speed and
  headings aircraft.
• Speed wind vector is a module or vector whose
  magnitude is the wind speed and direction of the
  place where the wind comes from
• Ground speed aircraft is a module or vector
  whose magnitude is the aircraft speed and track.

A
A
050º /30 kt
23 kt
B
R
B
T1
19 kt
H 000º TAS 100 kt
TC 347º GS 78 kt
T2
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Drift correction

• When there is crosswind from the right, the plane
  is shifted to the left. To fly line track the
  heading must be corrected to the right and vice
  versa.
• The wind oblique has two components a transverse
  and longitudinal another. If the wind is
  perpendicular to our path, then drift will be
  maximum, and if the wind parallel to the path
  drift will be 0, and intensity in the tail or
  head will are maximum.
• That is apparent in the values of Cos 0 1 for
  the wind component longitudinal and Seno 90 1
  for the cross-wind component.

TRACK
TRACK
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Ttrigonometric basics knowledge
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ETAS, TAS and GS

• ETAS is the real effective rate, id est is the
  TAS corrected for the effect of cross wind. And
  from which we get the GS. When the (dc) is less
  than 10 degrees, TAS and ETAS are semejants.

If the value of (dc) is more than 10º then it
should be considered for calculating the ETAS to
get GS.
wind
GS ETAS wind component
GS ETAS wind component
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Example

• A plane at 5000 feet with TAS 100 kt, and has
  to fly a route of 000 º. It affects a wind of 050
  to 30 kt and fuel flow is 5 gal imp/ h. What
  true heading and magnetic heading will be put to
  follow the route? How long will it take to travel
  50 nm? How many Gal Imp fuel burned in in leg?
• TAS 100 kt
• TC 000º
• Decline d 7º W
• Wind 050º/30 kt
• dc?
• TH?
• GS?
• Time?
• MH ?

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1º drift correction

• Development of calculating the intensity of the
  cross wind component.

TC 000º
A
Wind 050º /30kt
a
40º
B
C
50º
ß
A sinß x C ? A sin50 x 30 23 kt
Is put the angular value that separates the wind
direction of the longitudinal axis to be
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It checks the intensity of the crosswind
component with 10 of TAS. The intensity
crosswind is 23 kt gt10 kt. The 10 kt is 10 of
100 kt of TAS. So we know that dc is 6 Making
a triangle of speeds
Crosswind Sin (dc)
TAS
23 Sin (dc)
Sin 0.23 Revers 13,29º
100 dc 13º By having a wind from the
right, the plane will be shifted to the left,
therefore must be corrected to the right what
they have to add the 13º (dc) to TC to get a
TH. With from right wind TH gt TC ? TH 000º
13º 013º (13º of moment , until check ETAS)

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2º calculate Headwind
The wind that comes from the front quadrant is
negative
The wind that comes from the rear Quadrant is
positive
Knowing ß and knowing the intesity of C can we
Know the intensity of the wind on side D.
D Cos ß ? D
Cosß x C ? C D Cos 50 x
30 19,2 kt as it is headwind will be -19 kt
Vector wind 050 º/ 30kt
ß
ß
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3º Calculate GS ( ground speed)
the GS can be calculated directly with the TAS
when (dc) lt10 º In the example we have a (dc)
13gt 10 of TAS so we have to calculate the GS
from the ETAS
Knowing and TAS (dc) we can get ETAS
ETAS Cos (dc) ?
TAS ETAS TAS x Cos (dc)
? ETAS 100 x Cos 13 ETAS 97 kt
GS ETAS wind component GS 97 (-19) 78
Kt
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4º Check drift correction (dc) with ETAS
ETAS Cos ( dc)
?
TAS
97 Cos (dc) ?
100 Cos 0.2371 ? invers ? 14 dc
14º TH 014º
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(No Transcript)
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5º Calculate the ,megnetic heading
MC TC ( -dw) MH TH (-dW) TH 14
MH 14 (-7) ? MH 021º
TN
MN
MH 021 º
-7º
TH 014º
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6º Time used to fly 50 NM and fuel burned
Space
Space 50 NM Speed
? Time ? Time
0,6410 hours Time
Speed
78 kt 0,6410 hours x 60 minutes 38,46
minutes. Fuel burned 0,6410 hours x 5 gal
imp 3,2 gal imp
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Correction route
Assuming an airplane flying a route and after
some time the pilot realizes he has traveled a
distance and that is X miles away from the route.
Chi
A
B
f
g
B
Â
Chf
i
h
c
B
C
Â
CHi Compass heading inicial CHf Compass heading
final
CHf CHi C
C Â B
CHf (Â B)
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• i
  i
•  ? Sin  ? c
• c
  SinÂ
• i
  i
• B ? Sin B ? h
• h
  Sin B

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Example A plane flying from A to B, with a
course of 090 º. He has flown 70 NM and the
pilot realizes that is 10 NM away and right of
the map. With the new position, he have to travel
260 NM. What course should make to reach B?
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• dc
  10
•  ? Sin  ? Sin Â
  0.1428 ? revers SIn 8,2 º
• ac
  70
• dc
  10
• B ? Sin B ? Sin B
  0,03846 ? revers Sin 2,2º
• cb
  260

CHf CHi C ? C Â B ? C 8,2 2,2
10,4º as the plane is shifted to the right of
the route, then he have to be corrected to the
left which implies that they must subtract the
angle C. CHf 090º - 10º 080 º
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• Author Javier Pérez Mate
• Comercial pilot CPL
• Center study Aeronautic formation school Aerofan
  FTO TRTO
• javinet20_at_hotmail.com
• Madrid Spain